[i] Nox est et quiēs est in terrā. Hiems
est. Mārcus, puer Americānus, sōlus est in casā quod māter et pater ad
oppidum iērunt. Diū legit. Dē multīs terrīs legit. Hanc fābulam, quae de
Rōmānīs antīquīs nārrātur, saepe Mārcus in scholā audīvit. In pictūrā est vir
quī mīles Rōmānus est. Ad bellum properat. Est mīles validus et
magnus quī arma Rōmāna portat. Sōlus est. Multī aliī mīlitēs quī in
pictūrā nōn videntur ad bellum ambulant quod bellum est magnum. Ibi sunt castra
Rōmāna ubi noctū mīlitēs manent. Hīc quoque manent ubi in bellō nōn
pugnant. Mīlitēs interdum ā castrīs properant et ad bellum eunt.
[ii] Hic mīles Rōmānus quī est dux mīlitum
arma bona portat. Quae sunt haec arma? Hic est gladius validus. Gladius nōn est
longus. Nōn est lātus. Scūtum quoque capit. Scūtum ducem tegit ubi
bellum est periculōsum. Pīlum habet. Hoc pīlum est longum et validum sed nōn
est lātum. Galea quoque ducem tegit. Galeam et scūtum et gladium et pīlum
Mārcus videt et laudat. Haec arma mīlitēs bene tegunt. Quod hic mīles
est dux, bellum nōn timet. Perīculum nōn timet.
[iii] Post mīlitēs castra vidēmus. Equōs et frūmentum
vidēmus. Hī equī aliōs mīlitēs portant. Alia tēla portant. Nunc est
nūllum perīculum. Mox mīlitēs pugnant et tum est magnum perīculum. Post
bellum multī mīlitēs sunt dēfessī et domī esse cupiunt. Dux
quoque est dēfessus. Dux bonus semper cōnsilia bona habet. Mīlitēs
cōnsilia bona ducis semper laudant, sed cōnsilia mala nōn laudant.
Dux impiger cōnsilia mala nōn laudat. Dux impiger cōnsilia bona
semper habet. Bellum est periculōsum ubi cōnsilia ducis sunt mala.
[iv] Nunc nōn est nox. Nūlla quiēs est in
terrā. Virī et fēminae labōrant. Mārcus nōn legit sed ad stabulum ubi equus
stat ambulat. In stabulō Mārcus equō albō frūmentum dat. Tum in hortum puer et
equus properant. Equus puerum ad flōrēs, rosās et līlia, portat. “Ego
sum dux Rōmānus,” inquit puer, “et arma capiō. Gladium et ūnum scūtum
portō. Galeam habeō et in tabernāculō sunt duo pila quae nunc nōn portō. Mīlitēs
meī mē laudant quod cōnsilia bona habeō.” Māter vocat. Puer et equus
domum properant. Post cēnam colloquium, quod dē armīs et bellō est, longum et
grātum est.
Paragraph #1
Nox est
et quiēs est in terrā. Hiems est. Mārcus, puer Americānus, sōlus
est in casā quod māter et pater ad oppidum iērunt. … In pictūrā
est vir quī mīles Rōmānus est. … Est mīles validus et magnus … │ It is night and there is (peace and)
quiet in the land. It is winter. Marcus, an American boy, is
alone in the house because his mother and father have gone to
town. … In the picture there is a man is a Roman soldier. … He is a
strong and large soldier …
The 3rd
declension nouns in that part of the paragraph are in the nominative
singular case:
mīles, mīlitis [3/m]:
soldier
pater, patris [3/m]:
father
quiēs, quiētis [3/f]:
quiet
hiems, hiemis [3/f]:
winter
māter, mātris [3/f]:
mother
nox, noctis [3/f]: night
Why are two forms of the same
noun listed in the vocabulary?
Focus on the
word mīles (soldier): in dictionaries and vocabulary lists it will
normally appear in a format such as:
mīles, mīlitis
[3/m]
What information
is being given?
[i] the nominative
singular of the noun: mīles
[ii] the genitive
singular of the noun: mīlitis
[iii] the declension
to which it belongs [3: 3rd declension] and the gender [m:
masculine]; Every 3rd declension noun needs to be learned with its gender
because, apart from obvious ones that relate to male / female human beings, a 3rd
declension noun can be any gender and, most often, the gender cannot be worked
out from the ending.
[i] and [ii]:
Every 3rd declension noun needs to be learned with its nominative
singular and genitive singular because, in most instances, the
nominative alone does not give you all the information you need.
mīles, mīlitis
[3/m]: the genitive singular gives you the stem of the noun;
remove the genitive singular ending -is and you now have the stem i.e. mīlit¦is
> mīlit-
Look at this part of a sentence
from the same paragraph:
- Multī aliī mīlitēs quī in pictūrā nōn videntur … │ Many other soldiers, who are not seen in the picture …
For masculine
and feminine nouns, it is that stem which, apart from the nominative singular,
will be used for all case endings both singular and plural.
Some nouns don’t
change in the genitive singular:
hiems, hiem¦is [3/f]:
winter > hiem-
However, most do and, especially
at the early stages of learning Latin, that change cannot be predicted:
mīles, mīlit¦is [3/m] >
stem: mīlit-
pater, patr¦is [3/m] >
stem: patr-
quiēs, quiēt¦is [3/f] >
stem: quiēt-
māter, mātr¦is [3/f] >
stem: mātr-
nox, noct¦is [3/f] >
stem: noct-
Once the stem is known, the other
endings can be added. The table shows you the endings for the 3rd
declension masculine and feminine nouns. Some nouns e.g. nox have a
different genitive plural ending i.e. noctium, but, for the moment,
become familiar with the endings that are shown here.
- Multī aliī mīlitēs [nominative plural] quī in pictūrā nōn videntur … │ Many other soldiers, who are not seen in the picture …
- Ibi sunt castra Rōmāna ubi noctū mīlitēs [nominative plural] manent. │ There is a Roman camp where the soldiers stay at night.
- Mīlitēs [nominative plural] interdum ā castrīs properant …│Sometimes the soldiers hurry from the camp …
Paragraph #2
Hic mīles
[nominative singular] Rōmānus quī est dux [nominative singular] mīlitum
[genitive plural] arma bona portat. │ This Roman soldier who is the commander
¦ of the soldiers ¦ is carrying good weapons.
dux, duc¦is
[3/m]: commander > stem: duc-
- Scūtum ducem [accusative singular] tegit. │ The shield protects the commander.
- Haec arma mīlitēs bene tegunt. │ These weapons protect the soldiers well.
Paragraph #3
- Post mīlitēs [accusative plural] castra vidēmus. │ We see the camp behind the soldiers.
- Mīlitēs [nominative plural] cōnsilia bona ¦ ducis ¦ semper laudant, … │ The soldiers always praise the good plans ¦ of the commander …
Paragraph #4
flōs, flōr¦is
[3/m]: flower > stem: flōr-
- Equus puerum ad flōrēs [accusative plural], rosās et līlia, portat. │ The horse carries the boy to the flowers, the roses and the lilies.
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