LINK; all posts on the passive voice can be found here:
https://mega.nz/file/rYkjzCgC#gfnqLlfHt23oFmHeGZyWaNsmtbXQag9Tkwm4rcXJZPs
The person or
thing by whom or which an action is performed is known in grammar as
the passive agent.
[1] He was killed ¦
by a soldier: Here, the agent refers to an animate noun
i.e. a human being (it could also refer to an animal)
When the agent is animate,
Latin uses the preposition ā / ab with the ablative case:
Virī ¦ ab hōc
equō ¦ nōn timentur │ The men are not feared ¦ by
this horse
Scūta
¦ ā ducibus et mīlitibus ¦ portābantur │ Shields were / used to be
carried ¦ by commanders and (by) soldiers
[2] He was killed ¦
by a sword: here, the agent refers to an inanimate noun i.e. an
object
When the agent is inanimate,
Latin uses the ablative case alone i.e. without a preposition
Americānī
¦ scūtīs ¦ nōn teguntur │
Americans are not protected ¦ by shields
Rōmānī
antīquī ¦ scūtīs magnīs et lātīs ¦ tegēbantur │ The ancient Romans were / used
to be protected ¦ by large and wide shields
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