LINKS
(1) 02.07.24:
level 2; is, ea, id [2]; uses
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/020724-level-2-is-ea-id-2-uses.html
(2) 02.07.24:
level 2; is, ea, id [3]
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/020724-level-2-is-ea-id-3.html
(3) 08.07.24: is,
ea, id [5]; the “table”: how will you handle it?
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/080724-is-ea-id-5-table-how-will-you.html
(4) 11.07.24:
level 2; is, ea, id [6]; the “table”: how to handle it – step by step [1]
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/110724-level-2-is-ea-id-6-table-how-to.html
(5) 14.07.24:
level 2; is, ea, id [7]; the “table”: how to handle it – step by step [2]
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/14.html
(6) 17.07.24:
level 2; is, ea, id [8]; the “table”: how to handle it – step by step [3]
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/170724-level-2-is-ea-id-8-table-how-to.html
(7) 20.07.24:
level 2; is, ea, id [9]
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/200724-level-2-is-ea-id-9.html
(8) 23.07.24:
level 2; is, ea, id [10]
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/230724-level-2-is-ea-id-10.html
(9) 22.05.25:
Level 1; readings [12] - [15]: review (1b); the demonstrative is, ea, id
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/02/220525-level-1-readings-12-15-review-1b.html
Like hic, ille
and iste, is / ea / id can also function either as demonstrative
adjectives (this / that / those / these) or as pronouns (he, she, it, they
etc.)
Postrēmō is
vir, vel etiam iī virī … (Cicero) │ And lastly, the man, I might even say the
men …
Note! The
translator uses the English definite article ‘the’; Latin does not have a
definite article but is / ea / id are the closest it gets – and are sometimes
translated as such – because the main difference is that these pronouns –
sometimes referred to as “weak” pronouns – are used when referring to something
/ someone already mentioned. Unlike hic, ille and iste
they can neither point out nor introduce someone / something
previously unknown. English can make a similar distinction.
If your opening
remark is “I don’t like him”, it means nothing to the listener because
it has no referent (the term used for the person / thing that the
pronoun stands for).
I met my new
boss yesterday, but I don’t like him. Now it makes sense.
The examples below
show a referent before the pronoun is used:
quīn coniectōrēs
ā mē cōnsilium petunt: quod eīs respondī (Plautus)│ why, the
interpreters of dreams ask advice from me; the answer that I have given to
them …
hodiē illa pariet fīliōs
geminōs duōs … eōrum Amphitruōnis alter est, alter Iovis (Plautus)│
now she shall bring forth twin sons … one of them is Amphitryon's
child, the other Jove's
Quia nostrōs
agnōs conclūsōs istīc esse aiunt duōs. / Et praeter eōs agnōs meus
est istīc clam mordāx canis (Plautus) │ Because they say two of our lambs
are shut up in there. / And besides those lambs, there's a dog of mine,
a biter, skulking in there
This short extract
from the Vulgate shows the difference in usage between demonstratives; the two
people – ‘him’ and ‘her’ – have been referred to earlier in the text:
Et nōluit audīre eam:
sed vocātō puerō quī ministrābat eī, dīxit: Ēice hanc ā mē forās,
et claude ōstium post eam │ And he refused to hear her. After
the servant who attended to him had been summoned, he said, “Get this
woman [i.e. he is pointing to her] out of my sight and bolt the door after her.”
[2] the genitive
of these pronouns – eius / eōrum / eārum – is often the equivalent of the
possessive adjectives ‘his, her(s), their(s)’
[i] eius = of him
/ her / it; his / her(s) / its i.e. it does not change according to gender
Estne eius?
(Plautus) │ Is it his? [ = literally: Is it of him?]
Note that the
genitive of the other demonstratives can also convey possession, for example:
Senex quī hīs
habitat Hegīō est huius pater (Plautus) │ The old man
that lives yonder, Hegio, is this man's father.
Atque etiam
Philippum, numerātum illīus in mēnsā manū, mīlle nummum (Plautus)
│ And even sovereigns, counted out at the (banker's) table by his hand
[literally: by the hand of him / that man], a thousand of them.
[ii] eōrum / eārum
= of them; their(s); eōrum is used when referring to a masculine or
neuter ‘possessor’, eārum to a feminine:
eae nunc legiōnēs, cōpiae exercitūsque eōrum
(Plautus) │ Now these regiments, battalions, and armies of theirs
[ = their regiments …]
Again, note the
different demonstratives being used in the same extract:
Sed istae
rēgīnae domī suae fuērunt ambae, eārum patriam ego excidī manū. Hīs
tē donō. (Plautus) │ But both of them [ = both these] were queens at their own homes before
I laid waste their native land with this right arm. I present you with
them.
[3] It is common
to find is / ea / id with the relative pronoun quī / quae / quod to express ‘he
who, she who etc.’
is quī scrīpsit hanc (Terence) │ he who
wrote it / this
Bene eī quī invidet mī et eī quī hoc gaudet (Plautus) │ Good health to him who envies me, and to him who rejoices in this.
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