[i] The imperative (command form) of the verb tells somebody actively to do something, for example: “Finish your homework”, “Give me the money”, “Go away”.
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/220324-imperatives-1-telling-people-to.html
portō, -āre
[1] > portā! (sg.) / portāte! (pl.) │
carry!
maneō, -ēre
[2] > manē! (sg.) / manēte! (pl.) │
carry!
scrībō, -ere
[3] > scrībe! (sg.) / scrībite! (pl.) │
write!
capiō, -ere
[3-iō] > cape! (sg.) / capite! (pl.) │
take!
audiō, -īre
[4] > audī! (sg.) / audīte (pl.) │
listen!
[ii] The imperative
passive is when somebody is commanded to do an action to him/herself. It is
a rare construction, but it does exist:
“Please be
advised that there will be a meeting at 15.00.”
“Please be
assured that we will do everything to help.”
“I’ve already told
you twice. Be warned, I won’t tell you again.”
Likewise, the
imperative passive in Latin is uncommon. It is formed as follows:
Present active infinitive:
laudāre │ to love > active imperative: laudā!
(sg.) / laudāte! (pl.) │ praise!
Present passive
infinitive: laudārī │ to be loved > passive
imperative: laudāre! (sg.) / laudāminī (pl.) │
be praised!
i.e. the 2nd
person singular of the passive imperative is the same as the present active
infintive. Therefore, in context, laudāre could mean either (1) to
praise or (2) be praised! In practice, it is (1) that will by far most commonly
occur
The 2nd
person plural of the passive imperative is the same as the 2nd
person plural of the passive verb. Therefore, in context, laudāminī
could mean either (1) you (pl.) are praised or (2) be praised! (pl.)
moneō, -ēre [2]: warn
> monēre! (sg.) / monēminī! (pl.) │
be warned!
doceō, -ēre [2]:
teach > docēre! (sg.) / docēminī! (pl.) │ be taught!
regō, -ere [3]: rule
> regere! (sg.) / regiminī!
(pl.) │ be ruled!
capiō, -ere
[3-iō]: capture > capere! (sg.) / capiminī (pl.) │ be captured!
audiō, -īre [4]:
hear > audīre! (sg.) / audīminī (pl.) │ be heard!
puniō, -īre [4]:
punish > punīre! (sg.) / punīminī! (pl.) │ be punished!
Video link:
present passive infinitive
The uploaded video
has been edited to include only the topic discussed here. The full video is at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qzhpm1hoo4&t=4s
[iii] The imperative
of deponent verbs
“istīs,” inquit
“ista crūdelia mināre prīmōribus tuīs” │ Threaten
these cruelties to those nobles of yours.
As has already
been covered, deponent verbs are passive in form but active in
meaning. Therefore, the imperative forms are active i.e. telling
somebody actively to do something
minārī │
to threaten > imperative: mināre! (sg.) │
threaten! (not *be threatened*)
[i] In the 1st, 2nd and 4th conjugation of the deponents, the 2nd singular and
plural imperative is formed with the stem vowel of the infinitive + -re
/ -minī
minor, minārī [1/deponent] > mināre! / mināminī!
│
threaten!
polliceor, pollicērī [2/deponent] > pollicēre!
/ pollicēminī! │ promise!
potior, potīrī [4/deponent] > potīre! / potīminī!
│ take
possession!
[ii] In the 3rd / 3-iō conjugations, the formation is a little different:
Remove the -ī from the infinitive
sequor, sequī (to follow) > sequ-
For 2nd singular add -e+re > sequere! │ follow! (sg.)
For 2nd plural add -i+minī > sequiminī! │ follow! (pl.)
Below are further
examples of the imperative of deponent verbs:
hortor, hortārī [1/dep] > hortāre!
(sg.) / hortāminī! (pl.) │ encourage!
misereor, miserērī
[2/dep] > miserēre! (sg.) /miserēminī! (pl.) │
take pity!
____________________
loquor, loquī [3/dep] > loquere!
(sg.) / loquiminī! (pl.) │ speak!
proficīscor, proficīscī
[3/dep] > proficīscere! (sg.) / proficīsciminī! (pl.) │
set out!
ingredior, ingredī
[3-iō/dep] > ingredere! (sg.) / ingrediminī! (pl.) │
go in!
____________________
orior, orīrī
[4/dep] > orīre! (sg.) / orīminī! (pl.) │
arise!
mentior, mentīrī [4/dep] > mentīre! (sg.) / mentīminī! (pl.) │ lie!
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