13.08.24: follow-up; food and drink [2] vocabulary and notes [1]

The image posted here – courtesy of another member of the group – contains examples of “New Latin”, sometimes known as Neo-Latin; this will be discussed in greater detail in later posts.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Latin

Some of the vocabulary was coined in the post-Classical period or refers to, for example, more specific types of food now e.g. pancakes and biscuits, the true nature of which in Ancient Rome can be rather vague.

artolaganus, -ī [2/m]: used in the image to describe a pancake; “a kind of bread or cake (made of meal, wine, milk, oil, lard, and pepper” (Lewis and Short)

also: laganum, -ī [2/n]: again, definitions can be vague [i] pancake; flat cake (Wiktionary) [ii] “a kind of cake made of flour and oil” (Lewis and Short); laganumis from Anc. Gk. λάγανον (láganon) meaning ‘thin broad cake; pancake’

https://neolatinlexicon.org/latin/pancake/

https://neolatinlexicon.org/latin/pancake_fritter_doughnut/

To see the issues pertaining to exact definitions of some of these words, it’s worth looking at:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracta_(dough)

Tracta, tractum (Ancient Greek: τρακτὸς, τρακτόν), also called laganon, laganum, or lagana (Greek: λάγανον) was a kind of drawn out or rolled-out pastry dough in Roman and Greek cuisines. What exactly it was is unclear: "Latin tracta... appears to be a kind of pastry. It is hard to be sure, because its making is never described fully"; and it may have meant different things at different periods. Laganon / laganum was at different periods an unleavened bread, a pancake, or later, perhaps a sort of pasta.

aurantium, -ī [2/n]: orange tree, the term used in scholarly / scientific writing post 15th century (more on this in later posts)

caf(f)ēa, -ae [1/f]: (New Latin) coffee

cereālia: cereals < cereālis, -e: pertaining to wheat

crustulum, -ī: biscuit; “small pastry; confectionary” (Lewis and Short); from crustum, -ī [2/n]: cake; pastry; pie

saccharum, -ī [2/n]: (New Latin) sugar

cubicus, -a, -um: cubic; cubical

thea, -ae [1/f]: (New Latin) tea

tōstus, -a, -um: roasted; scorched; toasted

13.08.24: follow-up on the previous post; food and drink [1] links

11.03.24: food and drink

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/110324-food-and-drink.html

12.03.24: breakfast time

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/120324-breakfast-time.html

12.03.24: lunch, dinner ... and a shortage of beer!

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/120324-lunch-dinner-and-shortage-of-beer.html

18.03.24: quiz question

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/180324-quiz-question.html

18.03.24: storing dormice

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/180324-storing-dormice.html

18.03.24: sentence building

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/180324-sentence-building.html

13.08.24: types of fruit

 

13.08.24: Level 2; the present active participle [4]; declension [2]

Images: present active participles have the same endings as third declension adjectives: ingēns (huge; enormous) is a good example to use; it isn’t a participle because it’s not formed from a verb but it looks exactly the same as the participle.

The case endings for the participle are the same for all three genders singular and plural apart from: [i] the neuter accusative singular which is the same as the nominative (nāvigāns) and [ii] the neuter nominative and accusative plural (nāvigantia).

The reason for the -ī / -e variation in the ablative singular will be explained later.

The Latin Tutorial video gives an overview of the uses and endings of the present active participle.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5rfbu-8OFc

12.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [8](5): relative pronouns: practice

Complete each Latin sentence with the phrases listed below.

[1] Quīntus, _____ in lītore _____, nāvem spectābat.

Quintus who was standing on the shore was watching the ships.

[2] Pater, _____ _____ lacrimīs plēnī erant, fīlium valēre iussit.

The father whose eyes were full of tears, said bye to his son.

[3] Iter _____ Quīntus _____ longissimum erat.

The journey which Quintus was beginning was very long.

[4] Nautae, _____ Quīntus _____, nāvem solvere parābant.

The sailors whom Quintus was watching prepared to cast off the ship.

[5] _____, _____ _____ imperia dederat, nāvem solvērunt.

The sailors to whom the captain had given orders cast off the ship.

[6] _____ _____ _____ ad Graeciam nāvigābat nōn magna erat.

The ship on which he was sailing to Greece was not very big.

[7] Multī viātōrum _____ Quīntus _____ _____valdē ānxiī erant.

Many of the travelers with whom Quintus made conversation were very nervous.

[8] Quīntus tempestātem, _____ cēterōs _____, nōn timuit.

Quintus was not afraid of the storm which terrified the others.

____________________

• cuius oculī
• Nautae, quibus magister
• Nāvis in quā
• quae … terrēbat
• quī … stābat
• quibuscum … colloquium faciēbat
• quod … inībat
• quōs … spectābat

____________________ 

[B] Translate:

1. Magister puerum quī tē amat videt.
2. Poēta dē fēminā scrībit quae in Ītaliā vīvit.
3. Poēta dē oppidō scrībit quod Aenēās amat.
4. Magister puerum cuius canis vīvit videt.
5. Magister puerum cui dōnum dēdī videt.
6. Magister puerum quem amās videt.
7. Poēta dē fēminā scrībit quam deus amat. 
8. Arbor, sub quō sedēbam, dēcidit.
9. Magister puerum quōcum ambulās videt.
10. Poēta dē virīs scrībit quī in Ītaliā vīvunt.
11. Poēta dē oppidīs scrībit quae in Ītaliā sunt.
12. Poēta dē virīs scrībit quōrum domus in Ītaliā est.
13. Rēx mātrēs laudat quārum fīliī puerulum servāvērunt.
14. Poēta dē virīs scrībit quibus rēgīna dōna dat.
15. Poēta dē virīs scrībit quōs Rōmānī amant.
16. Poēta dē fēminīs scrībit quās nautae amant.
17. Dux lēgātōs laudat quibuscum vēnimus.

12.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [8](4): quī, quae, quod; all cases; ablative case

Image: ablative case

[i] Singular (masculine / neuter): quō; (feminine) quā

[ii] Plural (all genders): quibus

In English, as in Latin, prepositions can be used with relative pronouns.

Despite what Winston Churchill said, we do put prepositions at the ends of sentences – every day!

Who was the girl who you went out with last night?

This is the book which I was telling you about.

If you were living in the 19^th century – or you are speaking very formally now - you would say:

Who was the girl with whom you went out last night?

This is the book about which I was telling you.

You could, of course, talk like that, but we often don’t.

Latin, however, agrees with Winston Churchill: ending a sentence with a preposition is something up with which Latin will not put; if a preposition is used with a relative pronoun, it must (with one exception) be immediately before the relative pronoun i.e. in the same “19^th century English” style.

• Poēta dē virō scrībit ā quō Carthāgō dēlētur. │ The poet writes about the man by whom Carthage is destroyed.
• Homō dē quō dīcēbās est stultus. │ The man about whom you were speaking is stupid.
• Is est amīcus sine quō ex urbe discēdere nōlō. │ He is a friend without whom I am unwilling to leave the city.
• Urbs in quā Mārcus habitat est Rōma. │ The city in which Marcus lives is Rome.
• Poēta dē oppidō scrībit in quō Dīdō vīvit. │ The poet writes about the town in which Dido lives.
• Prope flūmen ā quō familia mea aquam portāvit dormīvit. │ He slept near the river from which my family carried the water.

Elementa mundī sunt quattuor : ignis, ex quō est caelum ; aqua, ex quā ōceanus est ; āēr, ex quō ventī et tempestātēs sunt ; terra, quam propter fōrmam eius orbem terrārum appellāmus. 

There are four elements in the world: fire, from which there is the sky; water, from which there is the ocean; the air, from which are the winds and storms; the earth, which, because of its shape, we call the circle of lands.

• Poēta dē virīs scrībit ā quibus Carthāgō dēlētur. │ The poet writes about the men by whom Carthage is destroyed.

Pliny writes to Trajan:

• Sollemne est mihi, domine, omnia, dē quibus dubitō, ad tē referre. │ It is customary for me, lord, to refer to you all things about which I’m hesitant.

The exception is the preposition cum (with); when the ablative form of this pronoun used with this preposition then cum is attached to the end of it.

quōcum (masculine / neuter):  with whom; with which

quācum (feminine): with whom; with which

quibuscum (all genders): with whom; with which (pl.)

Hostēs quibuscum pugnābāmus mox fūgērunt.

The enemies with whom we were fighting soon fled.

12.08.24: Level 1; Ora Maritima [7](2); cloze

The cloze gives practice in identifying 2nd declension neuter nouns and their case endings.

Inter fēriās commentāriōs meōs dē vītā meā scrīptitō. Dubrās saepe vīsitāmus; nam [1] __________ nōn procul abest. Super [2] __________ est [3] __________ magnum; in [4] __________ est specula antīqua. Mūrī speculae altī et lātī sunt. Quondam erat pharus Rōmānōrum. Prope speculam est [5] __________ cōnsecrātum. Iam secundō [6] __________ post Chrīstum nātum basilica Chrīstiāna erat. [7] __________ in [8] __________ ōrae maritimae stat. Post [9] __________ sunt clīvī grāmineī et lātī. Ex [10] __________ [11] __________ Gallicum spectās.

Ante oculōs sunt [12] __________ alba multōrum [13] __________; [14] __________ sunt Britannica, Francogallica, Germānica, Belgica. Nōnnulla ex [15] __________ Britannicīs “castella” nōmināta sunt. Littera C in [16] __________ est. [17] “__________” in Āfricam Merīdiānam nāvigant, ubi patria mea est.

aedificium; Castella; Castella; castellō; castellō; castellum; castellum; castellum; fretum; nāvigia; nāvigiīs; nāvigiōrum; oppidum; oppidum; prōmunturiō; saeculō; signō; vēla

11.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [8](3): quī, quae, quod; all cases; genitive and dative cases

The English translations of two sets of relative pronouns convey the case usage:

Image #1: genitive case

Genitive: whose

[i] Singular (all genders): cuius

Puer cuius patrem iuvābāmus est miser. │ The boy whose father we used to help is unfortunate.

• cuius does not agree with ‘patrem’ even though it looks like it might; cuius agrees with ‘puer’ because it is the boy’s father being referred to; literally: the boy, the father of whom we used to help …

Note: unlike the other relative pronouns neither cuius nor the plural quōrum and quārum are affected by the relative clause, but only agree in gender and number with the antecedent.

[ii] Plural (masculine / neuter): quōrum; (feminine): quārum

Puerī quōrum tabulās Flāvius spectat ānxiī sunt. │ The children whose tablets Flavius is looking at are anxious.

• quōrum is masculine plural because it agrees with ‘puerī’; literally, the children, the tablets of whom Flavius is looking at …

Fēminae quārum virī magnam pecūniam habent multa ōrnāmenta ā virīs suīs accipiunt. │ Women whose husbands have a lot of money receive a lot of jewelry from their husbands.

• quārum is feminine plural because it agrees with ‘fēminae’; literally, women, the husbands of whom have a lot of money …

Image #2: Dative Case

Dative: to whom

[i] Singular (all genders): cui

[ii] Plural (all genders): quibus

Vir cui pecūniam dedī mihi grātiās ēgit.

In formal English, the ‘to’ should come before the relative pronoun.

The man to whom I gave the money thanked me.

It is more common in English, however, to express this as follows:

The man who I gave the money to thanked me.

The second version cannot exist in Latin because Latin only uses one word to convey the idea. Of course, the less formal English translation can be used.

Puellae, quibus respondēbam, clāmāvērunt. │ The girls to whom I was replying [= who I was replying to] shouted.

11.08.24: Level 1; Maxey (10) [1]

[1] Nox est et noctū agricolae agrōs nōn cūrant. Noctū mātrēs cēnam nōn parant. Noctū discipulī dēfessī in scholā nōn labōrant et linguam Latīnam nōn discunt. Sed noctū nautae saepe labōrant.

[2] Nox est et ibi medicus ambulat. Medicus noster nōn est, sed medicus puerī. Nunc medicus properat sed est tardus. In silvā properat. Puer, fīlius agricolae, in casā est aeger. Medicus, vir clārus et benignus, ad casam agricolae properat quod puer est aeger. Nox est et medicus sōlus ambulat. Amīcī cum medicō nōn ambulant. Sōlus properat. Tardus est quod lūna est obscūra. Medicus lūnam clāram vidēre cupit. Stellae quoque sunt obscūrae et medicus nōn clārē videt. Puer laetus nōn est. Aeger et miser est. Ubi nōs aegrī sumus, miserī sumus nōs quoque. Puer sōlus est, sed sōlus esse nōn cupit. Amīcōs bonōs vidēre cupit. Lūnam et stellās nōn videt quod obscūrae sunt. Puer aeger medicum benignum exspectat sed medicus est tardus.

[3] Nunc medicus iānuam agricolae aperit et puerum aegrum spectat. Medicus est puerō benignus. Puerō fābulās longās et bonās nārrat. Ex fenestrīs puer et medicus silvam spectant sed stellās et lūnam nōn vident. Nunc medicus iānuam claudit. Ex casā agricolae properat et ad silvam ambulat.

[1] The following statements are false; correct them.

1. It’s daytime.
2. The farmers don’t take care of the horses.
3. The mothers are preparing breakfast.
4. The pupils don’t work at school because they’re lazy.
5. They’re studying Latin just now.
6. The sailors only work at night.

[2] In paragraph [2] in what order are the following statements first made?

• The boy doesn’t want to be alone.
• The boy is miserable.
• The boy is sick.
• The boy is waiting for the doctor.
• The doctor cannot see the stars clearly.
• The doctor is in the forest.
• The doctor is kind.
• The doctor is late.
• The doctor is walking alone.
• The moon is dark / indistinct.

[3] From all three paragraphs, find the Latin for:

Nominative

• He isn’t our doctor
• the doctor opens the door

Accusative

• the doctor opens the door
• the doctor closes the door
• he hurries to the house
• they don’t see the moon
• they don’t see the stars
• the doctor tells stories

Genitive

• he hurries to the house ¦ of the farmer [= the farmer’s house]
• the doctor opens the door ¦ of the farmer [= the farmer’s door]

Dative

• the doctor is kind to the boy
• he tells stories to the boy

Ablative

• (they) aren’t walking with the doctor
• he hurries out of the house
• (they) look out of the windows

10.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [8](2): quī, quae, quod; all cases; nominative and accusative plural

Links to earlier posts on this topic:

[1] 05.07.24: level 2; practice in reading the perfect tense; a first latin reader (Vincent) [2]; quī, quae, quod

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/050724-level-2-practice-in-reading.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/472961791981761/

[2] 11.07.24: level 2; practice in reading the perfect tense; a First Latin Reader (Vincent) [4]; more on relative clauses and pronouns quī, quae, quod

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/110724-level-2-practice-in-reading.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/474126095198664/

[3] 11.07.24: quī, quae, quod: nominative and accusative singular: Power Point

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/110724-qui-quae-quod-nominative-and.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/475360418408565/

[4] 14.07.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [5]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/140724-level-2-practice-in-reading.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/478681241409816/

In the next few posts, we will look at all the other relative pronouns:

Image #1: quī, quae, quod; declined in full. Note that some of the endings are used in more than one case.

Images #2 - #4: masculine / feminine / neuter plural

[i] Nominative

Masculine: quī

Feminine / neuter: quae

[ii] Accusative

Masculine: quōs

Feminine: quās

Neuter: quae

10.08.24: Level 2; the present active participle [3]; derivatives

Many English words ending in -nt are derived from the Latin present active participle. These often came through Old French which got rid of the -is in the genitive before they ended up in English. What is useful is that the stems of the conjugations are still in a very large number of the derivatives.

 vigilō, -āre [1]: keep watch > vigilāns, vigilAnt¦is > Fr. vigilant > Modern English: vigilAnt

1st conjugation

• irrītō, -āre [1]: excite; provoke > irrītāns, irrītAntis > Modern English: irritAnt i.e.to describe something that is causing irritation or inflammation
• significō, -āre [1]: point out > significāns, significAntis > M.Eng. significAnt
• Mediaeval Latin: importāns, importAntis > M.Eng. importAnt

2^nd conjugation

• adiaceō, -ere [2]: lie beside > adiacēns, adiacEntis > M.Eng. adjacEnt
• dēspondeō, -ēre [2]: give up > dēspondēns, despondEntis > M.Eng.  despondEnt
• resideō, -ēre [2]: stay behind > residēns, residEntis > M.Eng. residEnt i.e. somebody who is living in a certain place

3^rd conjugation

• currō, -ere [3]: run > currēns, currEntis > M.Eng.currEnt
• fluō, -ere [3]: flow > fluēns, fluEntis > M.Eng. fluEnt
• intellego, -ere [3]: understand > intellegēns, intellegEntis > M.Eng. intelligEnt

3^rd-iō conjugation

• efficiō, -ere [3-iō]: work out; accomplish > efficiēns, efficiEntis > M.Eng. efficIEnt
• recipiō, -ere [3-iō]: receive; accept > recipiēns, recipIEntis > M.Eng. recipIEnt

4^th conjugation

• lēniō, -īre [4]: soften > lēniēns, lēnIEntis > M.Eng. lenIEnt
• sentiō, -īre [4]: feel; perceive > sentiēns, sentiEntis > M.Eng. sentIEnt; a sentient being i.e. a person experiencing thought or feeling

The derivatives are not always consistent in the stem e.g. defendAnt from dēfendēns, dēfendEntis, and dormAnt from dormIĒns, dormientis. However, there are more than enough that can help you remember not only the -nt- stem for the declined forms but also the vowel that goes before each of the conjugations.

And what about the nominative? Well, we’re all homō sapiēns, and so it should be easy enough to remember!

• sapiō, -ere [3-iō]: have sense; be wise > sapIĒns, sapientis

The images show derivatives of the present active participles. They are grouped according to the verb conjugation to show the stem vowel.

09.08.24: Level 1; Ora Maritima [7](1)

Listen to and read the text. Find the Latin for:

1. (there) was
2. (they) sail
3. before (your) eyes
4. during the holidays
5. from the castle
6. I write / jot down
7. isn’t far away
8. some of the ships
9. we visit
10. you watch / look at

Inter fēriās commentāriōs meōs dē vītā meā scriptitō. Dubrās saepe vīsitāmus; nam oppidum nōn procul abest. Super oppidum est castellum magnum; in castellō est specula antīqua. Mūrī speculae altī et lātī sunt. Quondam erat pharus Rōmānōrum. Prope speculam est aedificium consecrātum. Iam secundō saeculō post Christum nātum basilica Christiāna erat.

Castellum in prōmunturiō ōrae maritimae stat. Post castellum sunt clīvī grāmineī et lātī. Ex castellō fretum Gallicum spectās. Ante oculōs sunt vēla alba multōrum nāvigiōrum; nāvigia sunt Britannica, Francogallica, Germānica, Belgica. Nōnnulla ex nāvigiīs Britannicīs “castella” nōmināta sunt. Littera C in signō est. “Castella” in Āfricam Merīdiānam nāvigant, ubi patria mea est.

____________________

During the holidays I write / jot down notes about my life. We often visit Dover for the town is not far off. Above the town is a large fort; in the castle there is an ancient watch tower. The walls of the watch tower are high and broad. It was once the lighthouse of the Romans. Near the watchtower is a consecrated building. Already in the second century after the birth of Christ there was a Christian basilica. The castle stands on a promontory of the sea coast. Behind the fort are grassy and broad hills. From the fort you can see the English (gallic) Channel. Before (your) eyes are the white sails of many vessels; the ships are British, French, German, and Belgian. Some of the British vessels are named "castle" (liners). The letter C is on the flag. "Castle liners" sail to South Africa, where my country is.

08.08.24: Level 1: Maxey (9)

In viā ambulō. Hīc est casa pulchra. Fenestra casae est aperta et in fenestrā est rosa pulchra. lānua casae nōn est clausa. Iānua quoque est aperta et hīc est fēmina benigna. Vidēsne virum? Fēmina cum virō ambulat. Cum fēminā vir rosās spectat. Vir in casā nōn habitat sed casam et rosās cūrat. Vir rosās ostendit. Femina benigna est et virō grātiās agit. Rosae sunt grātae fēminae et rosās laudat. Vir in casā parvā in silvā habitat et vir quoque rosās habet. Vir rosās amat. Ibi est casa virī. Ibi sunt rosae virī. Bene rosās cūrat et clārae sunt rosae virī.

Schola puellōrum puellārumque prope silvam est. Schola nostra est clāra et fāma est magna. Interdum iānua est aperta. Rosās vidēmus. Agrōs quoque vidēmus. Silvam ex fenestrīs vidēmus. Ibi est via longa. Ex fenestrīs viam quoque vidēmus.

Nunc magistra nostra discipulōs exspectat. In scholā nōn labōrāmus. In viīs ambulāmus. Ad scholam properāmus. Vidēsne puerōs? Hī puerī linguam Latinam discunt, sed hae puellae sunt parvae et linguam Latīnam non discunt. Magistra nostra est benigna et puerīs et puellīs cāra. Linguam Latīnam discere cupimus. Interdum mātrēs nostrae ad scholam properant. Mātrēs nostrae magistram vident et laudant. Nōs quoque magistram laudāmus.

Nunc fenestrās claudimus. Iānua scholae est clausa et ibi nōn labōrāmus. Ex scholā ad casās nostrās properāmus. In agrīs sunt agricolae. Ibi labōrant. Mātrēs nostrae nōs exspectant. Cēnam parant. Aquam portāmus et mātrēs sunt laetae. Rosās cūrāmus et spectāmus. Frātrēs parvōs cūrāmus. Hoc est grātum frātribus nostrīs.

Nunc agricolae ex agrīs properant. Cena est parāta et cēna est grāta agricolīs. Fīliī agricolārum ex agrīs cum patribus properant quod hī quoque cum agricolīs in agrīs labōrant. 

Find the Latin:

Singular

[1] Nominative

The man looks at the roses

[2] Genitive

There is the house of  the man [= man’s house]

[3] Dative

The woman is grateful to the man. [= thanks the man].

[4] Accusative

Do you see the man?

[5] Ablative

The woman is walking with the man.

Plural

[1] Nominative

These boys are learning Latin.

[2] Genitive

The boys’ school [= the school of the boys]

[3] Dative

Our teacher is dear to the boys.

[4] Accusative

Do you see the boys?

We also see the fields.

[5] Ablative

There are farmers in the fields.

(They) hurry out of the fields.

The nouns puer (boy), vir (man) and ager (field) are all second declension nouns even though they don’t end in -us. They take exactly the same endings but note that some of them ending in -er, lose the /e/ before the endings are added. No vocative is listed since the nominative and vocative are the same.

07.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [8](1)

Aequī, quī in parte Latiī habitābant, bellum contrā populum Rōmānum gerēbant. Aequī Minucium, cōnsulem Rōmānum in valle angustā obsīdēbant; itaque perīculum [1] Rōmānīs erat magnum. Inde Rōmānī nūntiōs ad Cincinnātum mīsērunt. Ubi nūntiī pervēnērunt, Cincinnātus in fundō parvō arābat. Rōmānī Cincinnātum, quī ad oppidum statim vēnit, [2] dictātōrem creāvērunt.

[1] Rōmānīs (dative plural): for the Romans.

[2] dictātor, dictātōris [3/m]: dictator (from dictō, -āre, -āvī [1]: to say often / repeat / assert); the noun did not have the negative meaning that it does now. A dictator was originally an emergency legal appointment in the Roman Republic, the position given to a Roman magistrate for a limited duration.

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The Aequi, who lived in a part of Latium waged war against the Roman people. They were besieging / blockading Minucius, a Roman consul, in a narrow valley; therefore, the danger for the Romans was great. From there the Romans sent messengers to Cincinnatus. When the messengers arrived, Cincinnatus was ploughing on a small farm. The Romans made Cincinnatus, who immediately came to the town, dictator [can be reworked: they made Cincinnatus dictator and he immediately came to the town].

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aequi

By Sémhur (talk) - Own work. Source :File:Italy_topographic_map-blank.svg by Sting under licence GFDL or CC-BY-SA 3.0File:Central_Italian_Ancient_Peoples.jpg by Ursus under licence Public Domain, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=14382517

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Quinctius_Cincinnatus

Statue of Cincinnatus holding the fasces at his plough in Cincinnati, Ohio

fasces: a bound bundle of wooden rods often containing a protruding axe and symbolising judicial power

07.08.24: Level 2; the present active participle [2]; participles from outer space; declension [1]

Image #1: There are those who claim that, in ancient times, aliens visited our planet. If they did, the Romans never mentioned flying saucers, but that hasn’t prevented Neo Latin from making a word up!

orbis, -is [3/m] circle; disc / disc-shaped object

volō, -āre [1]: fly > volāns, volantis: flying

Ecce orbis volāns! Behold! A flying saucer!

All present active participles have a nominative in -ns:

Image #2: Participles formed from 1^st 2^nd and 3^rd  conjugation verbs

The -re of the infinitive is removed to form the stem, and -ns is added. Note the shortening of the vowel in the stem change -nt-

Image #3: For 3^rd-iō and 4^th conjugation verbs, remove -re and change the stem vowel to -iē (ie).

The stem vowels used are the same as for the imperfect tense i.e.

amā¦ bam > amāns, amantis

docē¦ bam > docēns, docentis

dūcē¦ bam > dūcēns, ducentis

capiē¦bam > capiēns, capientis

audiē¦bam > audiēns, audientis

Image #4: All the participles have a genitive singular in -nt¦is; it is the -nt- that provides the stem for all the case endings.

06.08.24: Level 1; Ora Maritima [6](5)

“Multa sunt monumenta antīqua in Britanniā, multa vestīgia Rōmānōrum.”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindolanda

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre

https://historicengland.org.uk/whats-new/research/back-issues/roman-richborough/

“Rusticīs nummī saepe sunt causa lucrī.”

The coin was found by a metal detectorist in a field in Kent (where Ora Maritima is set). It certainly was a source of profit:

“A stunning gold coin emblazoned with the face of Roman Emperor Allectus - the first Brexiteer who took Britain out of the Roman Empire - has sold for a staggering £550,000.”

05.08.24: Level 1: dialogue; Galba and Marcus

G. Quis, Mārce, est lēgātus gerēns (bearing) pīllum et tubam?

M. Lēgātus, Galba, est Sextus.

G. Ubi Sextus habitat?

M. In oppidō Sextus cum fīliābus habitat.

G. Amantne oppidānī Sextum?

M. Amant oppidānī Sextum et laudant, quod magnā cum cōnstantiā pugnat.

G. Ubi, Mārce, est ancilla tua? Cūr nōn cēnam parat?

M. Ancilla mea, Galba, equō lēgātī aquam et frūmentum dat.

G. Cūr nōn servus Sextī equum dominī cūrat?

M. Sextus et servus ad mūrum oppidī properant. Oppidānī bellum parant.

Vocabulary

[i] Nouns

• bellum, -ī, n., war (re-bel)
• cōnstantia, -ae, f., firmness, constancy, steadiness
• dominus, -ī, m., master, lord (dominate)
• equus, -ī, m., horse (equine)
• frūmentum, -ī, n., grain
• lēgātus, -ī, m., lieutenant, ambassador (legate)
• Mārcus, -ī, m., Marcus, Mark
• mūrus, -ī, m., wall (mural)
• oppidānus, -ī, m., townsman
• oppidum, -ī, n., town
• pīlum, -ī, n., spear (pile driver)
• servus, -ī, m., slave, servant
• Sextus, -ī, m., Sextus

[ii] Verbs

• cūrat, he (she, it) cares for, with acc.
• properat, he (she, it) hastens

Grammar

[i] https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Latin_for_beginners_(1911)/Part_II/Lesson_IX

[ii] image: 2nd declension nouns in -us and -um

[ii] Ubi, Mārce, est ancilla tua? This is an example of the vocative case which is used when addressing people (or things) directly i.e. the equivalent of “Tell me, John” or “Hello, Sarah” The only time this ending appears in nouns is with 2nd declension singular nouns ending in –(i)us: Mārcus > Mārce. For all other nouns – both singular and plural – the vocative is the same as the nominative.

Proper names ending in -ius form a vocative in -ī: Iūlī

Note also: fīlius (son) > mī fīlī (my son)

Questions

[A] Find the Latin:

1. Where does Sextus live?
2. Who is the ambassador?
3. Where, Marcus, is your maidservant?
4. My maidservant is giving grain to the horse of the ambassador. [= the ambassador’s horse]
5. Sextus and the slave are hurrying towards the wall of the town.
6. My maidservant is giving grain to the horse.
7. Do the people in the town love Sextus?
8. Sextus and the slave are hurrying towards the wall.
9. Who is the ambassador bearing a spear?
10. The people in the town are preparing (for) war.
11. My maidservant is giving grain …
12. Sextus lives in a town.
13. Do the people in the town love Sextus?
14. 4 cases in one sentence:

• Why isn’t Sextus’ slave looking after / caring for the master’s horse?
• Why isn’t Sextus’ slave looking after the master’s horse?
• Why isn’t Sextus’ slave looking after the master’s horse?
• Why isn’t Sextus’ slave looking after the master’s horse?

[B] Questions

Translate the questions and answer them in Latin.

1. Ubi fīliae Sextī habitant?

2. Quem oppidānī amant et laudant?

3. Quid ancilla equō lēgātī dat?

4. Cuius equum ancilla cūrat?

5. Quis ad mūrum cum Sextō properat?

6. Quid oppidānī parant?