06.11.25: Level 1; Carolus et Maria [14][iv] passive voice; passive agent

LINK; all posts on the passive voice can be found here:

https://mega.nz/file/rYkjzCgC#gfnqLlfHt23oFmHeGZyWaNsmtbXQag9Tkwm4rcXJZPs

The person or thing by whom or which an action is performed is known in grammar as the passive agent.

[1] He was killed ¦ by a soldier: Here, the agent refers to an animate noun i.e. a human being (it could also refer to an animal)

When the agent is animate, Latin uses the preposition ā / ab with the ablative case:

Virī ¦ ab hōc equō ¦ nōn timentur │ The men are not feared ¦ by this horse

Scūta ¦ ā ducibus et mīlitibus ¦ portābantur │ Shields were / used to be carried ¦ by commanders and (by) soldiers

[2] He was killed ¦ by a sword: here, the agent refers to an inanimate noun i.e. an object

When the agent is inanimate, Latin uses the ablative case alone i.e. without a preposition

Americānī ¦ scūtīs ¦ nōn teguntur │ Americans are not protected ¦ by shields

Rōmānī antīquī ¦ scūtīs magnīs et lātīs ¦ tegēbantur │ The ancient Romans were / used to be protected ¦ by large and wide shields

06.11.25: Level 1; Carolus et Maria [14][iii] vocabulary check

Find the Latin in the wordcloud

(s)he says (said)

arms; weapons

camp

father

flower

from; by (means of)

helmet

javelin

leader

plan

rest

shield

soldier

sword

tired

to cover; protect

to fight

war

weapon

wide

winter

ā / ab; arma; bellum; castra; cōnsilium; dēfessus; dux; flōs; galea; gladius; hiems; inquit; lātus; mīles; pater; pīlum; pugnāre; quiēs; scūtum; tegere; tēlum

05.11.25: Level 3 (review); demonstratives [4]; 3rd person pronouns [ii] is / ea / id; practice

The answers are at the end of the post.

complete the quotations, all of which are from the Vulgate, with the appropriate pronouns listed below; many of them are used twice.

[i] It seemed difficult to / for him │ difficile __________ vidēbātur

[ii] He turned their supply of water into blood, and killed all their fish │ Convertit aquās __________ in sanguinem, et occīdit piscēs __________

[iii] They asked, and the quail came: and he filled them with the bread of heaven. │ Petiērunt, et vēnit coturnīx, et pāne cælī saturāvit __________.

[iv] And a man's kinsman shall take him up, and shall burn him,  │ et tollet __________ propinquus suus et conbūret __________

[v] If a man open a pit, and dig one, and does not cover it, and an ox or an ass fall into it …│ sī quis aperuerit cisternam et fōderit et nōn operuerit __________ cecīderitque bōs vel asinus in __________ …

[vi] These are the judgments which you shall set before them [ = propose to them] │  haec sunt iūdicia quae prōpōnēs __________

[vii] And his mouth was immediately opened, and his tongue, and he began to speak, praising God│ apertum est autem īlicō os __________ et lingua __________ et loquēbātur benedīcēns Deum

[viii]..and he shall say to him who is in the inner rooms of the house … │ dīcet __________ in penetrābilibus domus est

[ix] But hold on to what [ = that which] you have until I come │  tamen __________ habētis tenēte dōnec veniam

[x] And do not fear them / those who kill the body │ et nōlīte timēre __________ occīdunt corpus

eam; eam; eī; eī quī; eīs; eius; eius; eōrum; eōrum; eōs; eōs quī; eum; eum; id quod

[i] difficile eī vidēbātur

[ii] Convertit aquās eōrum in sanguinem, et occīdit piscēs eōrum

[iii] Petiērunt, et vēnit coturnīx, et pāne cælī saturāvit eōs.

[iv] et tollet eum propinquus suus et conbūret eum

[v] sī quis aperuerit cisternam et fōderit et nōn operuerit eam cecīderitque bōs vel asinus in eam …

[vi] haec sunt iūdicia quae prōpōnēs eīs

[vii] apertum est autem īlicō os eius et lingua eius et loquēbātur benedīcēns Deum

[viii] dīcet eī quī in penetrābilibus domus est

[ix] tamen id quod habētis tenēte dōnec veniam

[x] et nōlīte timēre eōs quī occīdunt corpus

05.11.25: Level 3 (review); demonstratives [3]; 3rd person pronouns [ii] is / ea / id

LINKS

(1) 02.07.24: level 2; is, ea, id [2]; uses

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/020724-level-2-is-ea-id-2-uses.html

(2) 02.07.24: level 2; is, ea, id [3]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/020724-level-2-is-ea-id-3.html

(3) 08.07.24: is, ea, id [5]; the “table”: how will you handle it?

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/080724-is-ea-id-5-table-how-will-you.html

(4) 11.07.24: level 2; is, ea, id [6]; the “table”: how to handle it – step by step [1]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/110724-level-2-is-ea-id-6-table-how-to.html

(5) 14.07.24: level 2; is, ea, id [7]; the “table”: how to handle it – step by step [2]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/14.html

(6) 17.07.24: level 2; is, ea, id [8]; the “table”: how to handle it – step by step [3]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/170724-level-2-is-ea-id-8-table-how-to.html

(7) 20.07.24: level 2; is, ea, id [9]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/200724-level-2-is-ea-id-9.html

(8) 23.07.24: level 2; is, ea, id [10]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/230724-level-2-is-ea-id-10.html

(9) 22.05.25: Level 1; readings [12] - [15]: review (1b); the demonstrative is, ea, id

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/02/220525-level-1-readings-12-15-review-1b.html

Like hic, ille and iste, is / ea / id can also function either as demonstrative adjectives (this / that / those / these) or as pronouns (he, she, it, they etc.)

Postrēmō is vir, vel etiam iī virī … (Cicero) │ And lastly, the man, I might even say the men …

Note! The translator uses the English definite article ‘the’; Latin does not have a definite article but is / ea / id are the closest it gets – and are sometimes translated as such – because the main difference is that these pronouns – sometimes referred to as “weak” pronouns – are used when referring to something / someone already mentioned. Unlike hic, ille and iste they can neither point out nor introduce someone / something previously unknown. English can make a similar distinction.

If your opening remark is “I don’t like him”, it means nothing to the listener because it has no referent (the term used for the person / thing that the pronoun stands for).

I met my new boss yesterday, but I don’t like him. Now it makes sense.

The examples below show a referent before the pronoun is used:

quīn coniectōrēs ā mē cōnsilium petunt: quod eīs respondī (Plautus)│ why, the interpreters of dreams ask advice from me; the answer that I have given to them …

hodiē illa pariet fīliōs geminōs duōs … eōrum Amphitruōnis alter est, alter Iovis (Plautus)│ now she shall bring forth twin sons … one of them is Amphitryon's child, the other Jove's

Quia nostrōs agnōs conclūsōs istīc esse aiunt duōs. / Et praeter eōs agnōs meus est istīc clam mordāx canis (Plautus) │ Because they say two of our lambs are shut up in there. / And besides those lambs, there's a dog of mine, a biter, skulking in there

This short extract from the Vulgate shows the difference in usage between demonstratives; the two people – ‘him’ and ‘her’ – have been referred to earlier in the text:

Et nōluit audīre eam: sed vocātō puerō quī ministrābat eī, dīxit: Ēice hanc ā mē forās, et claude ōstium post eam │ And he refused to hear her.  After the servant who attended to him had been summoned, he said, “Get this woman [i.e. he is pointing to her] out of my sight and bolt the door after her.”

[2] the genitive of these pronouns – eius / eōrum / eārum – is often the equivalent of the possessive adjectives ‘his, her(s), their(s)’

[i] eius = of him / her / it; his / her(s) / its i.e. it does not change according to gender

Estne eius? (Plautus) │ Is it his? [ = literally: Is it of him?]

Note that the genitive of the other demonstratives can also convey possession, for example:

Senex quī hīs habitat Hegīō est huius pater (Plautus) │ The old man that lives yonder, Hegio, is this man's father.

Atque etiam Philippum, numerātum illīus in mēnsā manū, mīlle nummum (Plautus) │ And even sovereigns, counted out at the (banker's) table by his hand [literally: by the hand of him / that man], a thousand of them.

[ii] eōrum / eārum = of them; their(s); eōrum is used when referring to a masculine or neuter ‘possessor’, eārum to a feminine:

eae nunc legiōnēs, cōpiae exercitūsque eōrum (Plautus) │ Now these regiments, battalions, and armies of theirs [ = their regiments …]

Again, note the different demonstratives being used in the same extract:

Sed istae rēgīnae domī suae fuērunt ambae, eārum patriam ego excidī manū. Hīs tē donō. (Plautus) │ But both of them [ = both these]  were queens at their own homes before I laid waste their native land with this right arm. I present you with them.

[3] It is common to find is / ea / id with the relative pronoun quī / quae / quod to express ‘he who, she who etc.’

is quī scrīpsit hanc (Terence) │ he who wrote it / this

Bene eī quī invidet mī et eī quī hoc gaudet (Plautus) │ Good health to him who envies me, and to him who rejoices in this.

05.11.25: Comenius (1658) XXX: Wild Beasts [2] vocabulary and notes [ii] suffixes; grammar notes

Suffixes

The text has some good examples of suffixes that are used to form adjectives

[a] -āx: inclined to / having a tendency (do something)

rapāx lupus │ a ravenous wolf

rapiō, -ere [3-iō]: snatch; grab > rapāx, rapācis: grasping; greedy

audeō, -ēre [2/semi-deponent]: dare > audāx, audācis: bold; daring

edō, -ere [3]: eat > edāx, edācis: greedy; gluttonous

loquor, -ī [3/deponent]: talk > loquāx, loquācis: talkative

teneō, -ēre [2]: hold > tenāx, tenācis: clinging

mendāx, mendācis (not directly but connected to mentior, -īri [4/deponent]: lie): deceitful

Many of the genitive forms of these Latin adjectives have ended up in English derivatives e.g.

audāx, audācis > Engl. deriv: audacious; similarly: loquacious, mendacious, rapacious, tenacious

[b] -ōsus, -a, -um: “full of”

villus, -ī [2/m]: hair > villōsus, -a, -um: hairy

macula, -ae [1/f]: (here) spot > maculōsus, -a, -um: spotted; speckled; note: both the noun and the adjective can be negative e.g. a mark of shame, a stain on one’s character, but not in this text

spīna, -ae [1/f]: thorn; spine; prickle > spīnōsus, -a, -um: thorny; prickly

nervus, -ī [2/m]: various meanings including ‘nerve’ > nervōsus, -a, -um: nervous

ventus, -ī [2/m]: wind > ventōsus, -a, -um: windy

[c] -(ā)tus, -a, -um: used to form perfect passive participles e.g. laudātus, -a, -um: (having been) praised; however, it can also create certain adjectives that show that a person (or animal) possesses a certain physical feature; some of the examples are only attested from Late / Mediaeval Latin

aculeus, -ī [2/m] [i] sting (of an insect) [ii] (here) spine; thorn > aculeātus, -a, -um: prickly; having spines

barba, -ae [1/f]: beard > barbātus, -a, -um: having a beard; bearded

Image: the tomb of CORNELIVS LVCIVS SCIPIO BARBATVS, which scotches the rumour that no Romans had beards because this is an example of a cognōmen, cognōminis [3/n], a name that was added to the first and family name of a Roman; it can sometimes be interpreted as a nickname and / or reference to some physical characteristic: Marcus Tullius CICERŌ, the third part of his name is from cicer, -is [3/n]: chickpea, which might suggest that either Cicero himself had warts (although no sculpture depicts it) or, more likely, one of his ancestors did, and Cicero ‘inherited’ the nickname

iuba, -ae [1/f]: mane > iubātus, -a, -um: having a mane; crested

oculus, -ī [2/m]: eye > oculātus, -a, -um: having eyes / sight:

plūris est oculātus testis ūnus quam aurītī* decem (Plautus) │ of more value is one eye-witness than ten hearsays [literally: ten *people with ears; aurītus, -a, -um: having ears < auris, -is [3/f]: ear]

toga, -ae [1/f] > [i] (adj.) togātus, -a, -um: wearing a toga; [ii] togātus, -ī [2/m]: a Roman citizen (as opposed to a foreigner)

dēns, dentis [3/m]: tooth > dentātus, -a, -um: having teeth; Catullus, in a rather nasty poem which we look at in depth later, refers to a person being: āter atque dentātus │ swarthy and toothy

cauda, -ae [1/f]: tail > caudātus, -a, -um: having a tail; in Mediaeval manuscripts the term ē caudāta is used to refer to the writing of the letter /e/ with a ‘tail’ (ę) to represent Latin /ae/, for example: Ex ordine Sacrę [= sacrae] Congregationis. However, the pronunciation of Latin /ae/ shifted to /e/ and the specific use of ę was replaced by /e/ alone [Image: Deus, qui de beátę Maríæ vírginis …]

Grammar notes

[i] genitive plural after the superlative:

Caudāta vulpēs astūtissima ¦ omnium │ the tailed fox, the craftiest ¦ of (them) all

Tigris immānissima ¦ omnium │ the tiger the cruellest ¦ of all

[ii] Lynx vīsū pollēns │ the quick sighted lynx

pollēns, -entis: powerful; strong < polleō, -ēre [2]: be powerful

vīsus, -ūs [4/m]: sight 

visū [ablative] pollēns [adjective]: this is known in grammar as the ablative of ‘respect’; take a look at a couple of English examples to see why the term ‘respect’ is used to describe this:

John is [A] really creative [adjective] ¦ [B] in Art

Sally’s [A] lazy [adjective] ¦ [B] when it comes to answering emails

i.e. [B] is most often a phrase or a clause which explains in what respect the person has a particular characteristic: John is creative [in what respect?] ¦ in (terms of) Art; Sally’s lazy [in what respect?] ¦ in (terms of) answering emails

This is the construction being used here:

Lynx vīsū pollēns │ the lynx is powerful [In what way? In what respect is it powerful?] ¦ in (terms of) sight; the literal translation is clumsy and so Hoole, the translator, reworks it to “quick sighted”

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/02/300425-level-3-beasts-in-egypt-and.html

05.11.25: Comenius (1658) XXX: Wild Beasts [1]: [i] text; [ii] vocabulary and notes [i]

I post a lot of sections of the work of Comenius because they can be explored at different levels: you can simply focus on the key words e.g. the names of the animals, or look in more depth at some of the vocabulary or certain grammatical features. What’s clear is that Comenius knew exactly what he was doing; whatever features he includes, he uses them several times (as the vocabulary notes will show). Nobody else was creating this type of work for children at this time. As a (now retired) teacher of languages, I have a lot of admiration for him and the well controlled and well planned way in which he wrote; that his work was a best-seller in Europe for a century suggests that other teachers admired him too – and the kids would have loved the images and, above all, learning about the world around them. Comenius wanted the pupils to speak and to describe.

Wild-Beasts. │ Feræ Bēstiæ

[1] Wild Beasts have sharp paws, and teeth, and are flesh eaters. │ Bēstiæ habent acūtōs unguēs, & dentēs, suntque carnivoræ

[2] As the Lyon, 1. the King of four-footed Beasts, having a mane; with the Lioness. │ Ut Leō, 1. Rēx quadrupedum, jubātus; cum Leænā

[3] The spotted Panther, 2. │ Maculōsus, Pardus (Panthēra) 2.

[4] The Tyger, 3. the cruellest of all. │Tygris*, 3. immānissima omnium. [*tigris, -is; the spelling with /y/ is not attested; Engl. ‘tyger’ a now obsolete alternative spelling]

[5] The Shaggy Bear, 4. │ Villōsus Ursus, 4.

[6] The ravenous Wolf, 5. │ Rapāx Lupus, 5.

[7] The quick sighted Ounce, 6. │ Lynx, 6. vīsū pollēns,

[8] The tayled fox, 7. the craftiest of all. │ Caudāta Vulpēs, 7.  astūtissima omnium.

[9] The Hedge-hog, 8. is prickly. │ Ērināceus, 8. est aculeātus.

[10] The Badger, 9. delighteth in holes. │ Melēs, 9. gaudet latebrīs.

Vocabulary and notes

[i] animals

bēstia, -ae [1/f]: beast

ērināceus, -ī [2/m]: hedgehog; also [i] īrēnāceus, -ī [2/m]; [ii] ēr, -is [3/m]

leaena, -ae [1/f]: lioness

leō, leōnis [3/m]: lion

lupus, -ī [2/m]: wolf; lupa, -ae [1/f]: she-wolf

mēlēs, -is [3/f]: badger

panthēra, -ae [1/f]: panther

pardus, -ī [2/m]: leopard

quadrupēs, quadrupedis [all three genders possible]: a four-footed animal

tigris, -is (or tigridis) [3 m/f]: tiger; it is also an example of a noun which can have an accusative in -im i.e. tigrem or tigridem or tigrim

ursus, -ī [2/m]: bear

vulpēs, -is [3/f]: fox; vixen; Engl. deriv. vulpine: fox-like; cunning

lynx, lyncis [3 m/f]: lynx; the Latin is fine, but the English ‘ounce’ in the 17^th century text is from Old French lonce (which makes sense since it’s from the Latin lynx), but at some stage in the development of French, there was a minsintepretation of the word as l’once i.e. mistaking the /l/ as the French definite article l’ at which point it changed in French to once and ended up in English as ‘ounce’; luckily, we threw out that meaning; Modern English ‘ounce’ is from Latin ūncia, -ae [1/f] and, both in Latin and in English, refers to a unit of measurement and has nothing to do with animals!

In a description of part of America in 1634: “The Ounce or the vvilde Cat, is as big as a mungrell dog, this creature is by nature feirce, and more dangerous to bee met vvithall than any other creature, not fearing eyther dogge or man”

[ii] other words

latebra, -ae [1/f]: rather than simply ‘hole’, latebra refers to a ‘hiding place’ or ‘lair’; Melēs gaudet latebrīs │ literally: the badger ‘rejoices’ in hiding places = the badger delights in its burrows, or the badger loves to hide

unguis, -is [3/m] [i] fingernail; toenail [ii] (here) claw (Hoole translates it as “paw”, which sounds a bit too ‘fluffy’ to our modern ears!); also falcula, -ae [1/f]: talon; claw

astūtus, -a, -um: quick-witted; cunning; astute

ferus, -a, -um: wild; savage; Engl. deriv. feral

immānis, -e [i] enormous; huge [ii] (here) savage; brutal

04.11.25: Level 2; Vincent (Latin Reader); XXXIV; the Treviri

Inde Caesar, ubi ad portum Itium pervēnit, omnēs cōpiās convocāvit, cōnsilium lēgātīs et tribūnīs mīlitum ostendit; mīlitēs, quī omnēs rēs parāverant ad bellum, laudāvit. Posteā cum quattuor legiōnibus et multīs equitibus in agrōs Trevirōrum* properāvit, quod nec ad concilium veniēbant nec imperiō pārēbant.

Cīvitās Trevirōrum magnās cōpīās equitum et peditum habēbat. Duo, Indutiomarus et Cingetorix, dē prīncipātū contendēbant, sed Caesar, ubi prīncipēs cīvitātis convocāverat, potestātem maximam Cingetorigī dedit.

*Trēvir, -ī [2/m]: member of the Treviri, an ancient Gallic tribe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treveri

Answers are at the end of the post

[A] Comprehension

[i] In which order are the following events referred to?

entering the territory of the Treviri _____

giving advice _____

preparing for war _____

reaching Itium _____

refusal to cooperate _____

summoning troops _____

[ii] Translate: Cīvitās Trevirōrum magnās cōpīās equitum et peditum habēbat. Duo, Indutiomarus et Cingetorix, dē prīncipātū contendēbant, sed Caesar, ubi prīncipēs cīvitātis convocāverat, potestātem maximam Cingetorigī dedit. (6)

[B] Grammar review

[1] nec imperiō pārēbant

[a] What case is imperiō, and [b] why is that case being used? (2)

[2] potestātem maximam Cingetorigī dedit

[a] What case is Cingetorigī, and [b] why is that case being used? (2)

[3] in agrōs Trevirōrum properāvit

[a] What case is agrōs, and [b] why is that case being used? (2)

[4] dē prīncipātū contendēbant

[a] What case and [b] declension is prīncipātū and [c] why is that case being used? (3)

[5] Give the nominative singular of the following 3^rd declension nouns:

[i] equitum; [ii] peditum; [iii] prīncipēs; [iv] potestātem

[C] Find the Latin:

[i] (together) with

[ii] about; concerning

[iii] afterwards

[iv] because

[v] neither … nor …

[vi] then

[vii] when

[viii] who

[A] Comprehension

[i]

entering the territory of the Treviri (5)

giving advice (3)

preparing for war (4)

reaching Itium (1)

refusal to cooperate (6)

summoning troops (2)

[ii] (1) The State of the Treviri had large forces (2) of cavalry and (3) infantry. (4) Two, Indutiomarus and Cingetorix, were in dispute (5) concerning leadership, but (5) Caesar, ¦ (6) when he had summoned the princes / leaders of the state ¦ (5) gave the greatest power to Cingetorix.

[B] Grammar review

[1] [a] dative; [b] verb: pāreō, -ēre [2]: obey is followed by the dative case

[2] [a] dative [b] indirect object; he gave the greatest power to Cingetorix

[3] [a] accusative; [b] movement into or onto a place

[4] [a] ablative; [b] 4^th declension; [c] preposition dē (+ abl.): about; concerning

[5] [i] eques; [ii] pedes; [iii] prīnceps; [iv] potestās

[C] Find the Latin

[i] cum

[ii] dē

[iii] posteā

[iv] quod

[v] nec … nec …

[vi] inde

[vii] ubi

[viii] quī

03.11.25: Level 1; Carolus et Maria [14][ii] listening

Listen again to the text and fill in the blanks with the missing words

Carolus et Maria XIV

[i] Herī multās hōrās nauta domī manēbat. Sōlus nōn erat. Amīcus cum __________  Carolī manēbat. Hic amīcus est __________  __________ . In bellīs pugnat. __________  __________  est et __________  __________  __________  laudant. __________  __________  sunt __________  et __________ .

arma; ducem; dux; galea; gladius; hunc; mīles; mīlitēs; mīlitis; mīlitum; patre; validus

[ii] Multa __________  habet sed haec in casā nautae nōn sunt. Domī sunt. Carolus et Maria __________  laudant. __________  __________  quī multa dē __________  Rōmānīs nārrat est __________  __________ . __________  Rōmāna antīqua erant __________ , __________ , __________ , __________ . Alia __________  quoque habēbant Rōmānī. __________  Rōmāna erant magna et longa et lāta.

arma; arma; bellīs; castra; dux; galeae; gladiī; hic; Italus; mīles; mīlitem; pīla; scūta; tēla

[iii] Noctū __________  in __________  manēbant quod erant dēfessī et __________  cupiēbant. __________  __________  __________  erant __________ . Aliī erant malī. Tum __________  __________  __________  nōn laudābant. __________  erat __________  __________  __________ . Cōnsilia __________  erant bona et saepe grāta.

bonī; bonus; Caesar; Caesaris; castrīs; ducēs; ducēs; dux; hōs; mīlitēs; mīlitēs; multī; quiētem; Rōmānī; Rōmānus

[iv] Interdum, ubi Rōmānī in __________  erant, __________  cum __________  pugnābat. __________  et __________  portābat. Equī quoque erant in __________ . Perīculum equīs nōn grātum erat. Carolus fābulās __________  audit et laudat.

bellīs; bellō; Caesar; gladium; mīlitibus; mīlitis; scūtum

[v] Virī Americānī interdum sunt __________ . Multa __________  habent. __________  nōn habent. Rōmānī antīquī __________  magnīs et lātīs __________ . Scūta __________  __________  et __________  __________ . Americānī __________  nōn __________ .

ā; ducibus; mīlitēs; mīlitibus; portābantur; scūta; scūtīs; scūtīs; tegēbantur; teguntur; tēla

[vi] __________  __________  hortum Iūliae laudat. Rosās et līlia alba et __________  __________  laudat. Dē __________  Italiae nārrat sed nūllum hortum habet. __________  et nauta ad domum agricolae __________ . Agricola __________  __________  duōs equōs mōnstrat.

aliōs; amīcīs; eunt; flōrēs; flōribus; hīs; Italus; mīles; mīles

[vii] In stabulō sunt equī. __________  multa dē equīs intellegit et malum equum agricolae nōn timet. Nūllum perīculum est. __________  __________  __________  frūmentum dat. Virī __________  __________  __________  nōn __________ , sed puerī nōn sunt grātī.

ab; equō; equō; hōc; huic; mīles; mīles; timentur

[viii] Duo equī frūmentum cupiunt. Nunc __________  et nauta et agricola cēnam __________ . Post cēnam __________  et nauta ad __________  nautae eunt. Cum __________  est, __________  __________  est. In Italiā habitat. Tum Carolus colloquium __________  et __________  nōn audit sed epistulās __________  legit et laetus est. Italiam __________  cupit. “Vitam __________  laudō,” __________  puer.

domī; domum; edunt; hiems; inquit; mīles; mīles; mīles; mīlitis; mīlitis; mīlitis; patris; vidēre

03.11.25: Level 1; Carolus et Maria [14][i] text; vocabulary; review 3rd declension nouns

Carolus et Maria XIV

Herī multās hōrās nauta domī manēbat. Sōlus nōn erat. Amīcus cum patre Carolī manēbat.

Hic amīcus est mīles validus. In bellīs pugnat. Dux mīlitum est et mīlitēs hunc ducem laudant. Arma mīlitis sunt gladius et galea. Multa tēla habet sed haec in casā nautae nōn sunt. Domī sunt. Carolus et Maria mīlitem laudant. Hic dux quī multa dē bellīs Rōmānīs nārrat est mīles Italus. Arma Rōmāna antīqua erant gladiī, scūta, galeae, pīla. Alia arma quoque habēbant Rōmānī. Castra Rōmāna erant magna et longa et lāta. Noctū mīlitēs in castrīs manēbant quod erant dēfessī et quiētem cupiēbant.

Multī ducēs Rōmānī erant bonī. Aliī erant malī. Tum mīlitēs hōs ducēs nōn laudābant. Caesar erat dux Rōmānus bonus. Cōnsilia Caesaris erant bona et saepe grāta. Interdum, ubi Rōmānī in bellō erant, Caesar cum mīlitibus pugnābat. Gladium et scūtum portābat. Equī quoque erant in bellīs. Perīculum equīs nōn grātum erat. Carolus fābulās mīlitis audit et laudat.

Virī Americānī interdum sunt mīlitēs. Multa tēla habent. Scūta nōn habent. Rōmānī antīquī scūtīs magnīs et lātīs tegēbantur. Scūta ā ducibus et mīlitibus portābantur.

Americānī scūtīs nōn teguntur.

Mīles Italus hortum Iūliae laudat. Rosās et līlia alba et aliōs flōrēs laudat. Dē flōribus Italiae nārrat sed nūllum hortum habet.

Mīles et nauta ad domum agricolae eunt. Agricola hīs amīcīs duōs equōs mōnstrat. In stabulō sunt equī. Mīles multa dē equīs intellegit et malum equum agricolae nōn timet. Nūllum perīculum est. Mīles huic equō frūmentum dat. Virī ab hōc equō nōn timentur, sed puerī nōn sunt grātī. Duo equī frūmentum cupiunt. Nunc mīles et nauta et agricola cēnam edunt. Post cēnam mīles et nauta ad domum nautae eunt.

Cum hiems est, mīles domī est. In Italiā habitat. Tum Carolus colloquium mīlitis et patris nōn audit sed epistulās mīlitis legit et laetus est. Italiam vidēre cupit.

“Vītam mīlitis laudō,” inquit puer.

Vocabulary

[1] 3^rd declension nouns

Caesar, -is [3/m]

dux, ducis [3/m]: leader; commander

flōs, flōris [3/m]: flower

hiems, hiemis [3/f]: winter

mīles, mīlitis [3/m]

pater, patris [3/m]: father

quiēs, quiētis [3/f]: sleep; rest

[2] other vocabulary

galea, -ae [1/f]: helmet

gladius, -ī [2/m]: sword

bellum, -ī [2/n]: war

cōnsilium, -ī [2/n]: advice; plan

pīlum, -ī [2/n]: javelin

scūtum, -ī [2/n]: shield

tēlum, -ī [2/n]: weapon

arma, armōrum [2/n/pl]: arms; weapons

castra, castrōrum [2/n/pl]: camp (plural, but refers to a singular idea)

dēfessus, -a, -um: tired

lātus, -a, -um: wide

Rōmānus, -a, -um: Roman

validus, -a, -um: strong; healthy; powerful

tegō, -ere [3]: cover

inquit: (s)he says

pugnō, -āre [1]: fight

ā / ab: [i] from (a place) [ii] by (by means of)

Notes: review; 3^rd declension nouns; see previous post:

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/08/301025-level-1-carolus-et-maria-13iii.html

Exercise

Find the Latin:

[i] When it’s (1) winter, (2) the soldier is at home. │ Cum (1) __________ est, (2) __________ domī est.

[ii] This commander recounts many things about Roman wars │ __________ __________ … multa dē bellīs Rōmānīs nārrat

[iii] The soldier’s weapons are a sword and a helmet. │ Arma __________ sunt gladius et galea.

[iv] The friend was staying with ¦ the father of Carolus │ Amīcus cum __________ Carolī manēbat

[v] Shields were carried by ¦ (1) commanders and (2) (by) soldiers │ Scūta ā (1) __________  et (2) __________  portābantur.

[vi] I praise the life of a soldier │ Vitam __________ laudō

[vii] He talks about ¦ the flowers of Italy │ Dē __________ Italiae nārrat

[viii] He praises other flowers │ __________ __________ laudat

[ix] He is (1) the commander (2) of the soldiers │ (1) __________ (2) __________ est

[x] Carolus doesn’t hear the conversation (1) of the soldier and (2) (of) the father │ Carolus colloquium (1) __________  et (2) __________  nōn audit

[xi] Caesar’s plans were good │ Cōnsilia __________ erant bona

[xii] (They) wanted rest │ __________ cupiēbant

[xiii] (They) did not praise these commanders │ __________ __________ nōn laudābant

[xiv] (1) The soldiers praise (2) this leader │ (1) __________ (2) __________ __________ laudant

[xv] (1) Many (2) Roman (3) commanders were good │ (1) __________  (3) __________  (2) __________ erant bonī

[xvi]  (1) Caesar was a (2) good (3) Roman (4) commander │ (1) __________ erat (4) __________ (3) __________  (2) __________.

[xvii] This friend is a (1) strong (2) soldier │ Hic amīcus est (2) __________ (1) __________.

02.11.25: Level 3 (review); demonstratives [2]; 3rd person pronouns [i] hic / ille / iste; practice

Complete the quotations with the appropriate forms of [1] hic, [2] ille and [3] iste. The answers are at the end of the post. All of the quotations are from the works of Plautus i.e. plays, which shows the frequency with which they occur in spoken Latin.

[1]

[i] What do you mean by receiving this man at your house – my husband? │ Quid tibi __________ receptiō ad tē est meum virum?

[ii] This poor (girl) suits (me)  │ _________ pauper placet

[iii] Judging by his remarks [ = the remarks of this (man)] │ cum _________ dicta intellegō

[iv] You promise him [ = make a promise to him] │ tū prōmitte _________

[v] They’re calling us sheep, the sluts! / Their shepherd [ = of them / of these (women)] must be taking a nap... │ Ovis nōs vocant pessumae. / Pāstor _________ dormit …

[vi] None of them has it? │ nēmō habet _________?

[vii] Now, I want you to do this (thing) │ nunc ego tē facere _________ volō

[viii] Didn't our ship arrive (on) this night from Port Persicus? │  nōnne _________ noctū nostrā nāvis hūc ex portū Persicō venit?

[ix] And to think I hesitated for a long time whether to buy these men or not! │ at etiam dubitāvī, _________ hominēs emerem an nōn emerem, diū.

[x] Now for a word with the lady [ = I shall address her / this (woman)] │ nunc _________  adloquar

hāc; haec; hanc; hārum; hoc; hōrum; hōs; huic; huius; hunc

[2]

[i] Is he trying me on purpose? │ an __________ mē temptat sciēns?

[ii] I feel sorry for him / the lad │ Miseret [miseret + genitive case] mē __________.

[iii] I leave / go away from them │ abeō ab __________

[iv] There's nothing (1) of those things I didn’t say (2) to him.  │ Nihil est (1) __________ quīn ego (2) __________ dīxerim.

[v] Now I don’t like that [ = that doesn’t please (me)] │ Iam __________ nōn placet

[vi] It’s all over with me (I’ve died) if I don’t find those twenty minae* │ Interiī, sī nōn inveniō ego __________ vīgintī minās

*mina, -ae [1/f]: a Greek silver coin

[vii] And now my father is inside here with her in his arms │ meus pater nunc intus hīc cum  __________ cubat

illā; illās; ille; illī; illīs; illīus; illōrum; illud

[3]

[i] I’ll take care of that │ ego __________ cūrābō

[ii] Untie him │ Exsolvite istum

[iii] Ugh! My heart and head split whenever there’s mention of that man. │ Heu, cor meum et cerebrum, Nicobule, finditur, __________ hominis ubi fit quomque [ = cumque] mentiō

[iv] Those eyes of yours, you old sinner! By heaven, I'll dig 'em out for you. │ oculōs hercle ego __________, improba, effodiam tibi

[v] Go away from them │ Ābīte ab __________

[vi] I'll make you hold that tongue of yours today, you miscreant. │ Ego tibi __________ hodiē, sceleste, comprimam linguam.

[vii] I will appoint some one else to that office │ alium ego __________ reī allēgābō

[viii] That’s your fault │ Tua __________ culpa est

ista; istam; istī; istīs; istīus; istōs; istud; istum

____________________

[1]

[i] Quid tibi hunc receptiō ad tē est meum virum?

[ii] haec pauper placet

[iii] cum huius dicta intellegō

[iv] tū prōmitte huic

[v] Ovis nōs vocant pessumae. / Pāstor hārum dormit …

[vi] nēmō habet hōrum?

[vii] nunc ego tē facere hoc volō

[viii] nōnne hāc noctū nostrā nāvis hūc ex portū Persicō venit?

[ix] at etiam dubitāvī, hōs hominēs emerem an nōn emerem, diū.

[x] nunc hanc adloquar

[2]

[i] an ille mē temptat sciēns?

[ii] Miseret mē illīus.

[iii] abeō ab illīs

[iv] Nihil est (1) illōrum quīn ego (2) illī dīxerim.

[v] Iam illud nōn placet

[vi] Interiī, sī nōn inveniō ego illās vīgintī minās

[vii] meus pater nunc intus hīc cum illā cubat

[3]

[i] ego istud cūrābō

[ii] Exsolvite istum.

[iii] Heu, cor meum et cerebrum, Nicobule, finditur, istīus hominis ubi fit quomque mentiō.

[iv] oculōs hercle ego istōs, improba, effodiam tibi

[v] Ābīte ab istīs.

[vi] Ego tibi istam hodiē, sceleste, comprimam linguam.

[vii] alium ego istī reī allēgābō

[viii] Tua ista culpa est

02.11.25: Level 3 (review); demonstratives [1]; 3rd person pronouns [i] hic / ille / iste

LINK: 04.05.24: review; birthday plans [7] notes: other points (iii); demonstrative adjectives and pronouns [1]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/04.html

Unlike English, Latin does not have a single, dedicated group of words that function as he, she, it, them etc. There are four sets of words which can act as the equivalent of the English 3^rd person pronouns and are usually referred to under the general heading of demonstratives. In this post we will look at three of them:

[i] hic, haec, hoc [image #1]

[a] as a demonstrative adjective describing a noun

hic vir │ this man; hī discipulī │ these pupils

[b] as a demonstrative pronoun meaning this (man, woman, thing) or these (men, women, things) or, simply, as he, she, it, they etc.

hic est vir fortis │ this / he is a brave man; hī sunt discipulī diligentēs │ these / they are hard-working pupils

LINKS

(1) 20.02.24 agreement; hic, haec, hoc [1]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/20_10.html

(2) 20.02.24: practice using hic, haec, hoc

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/read-notes-again-in-previous-post-and.html

(3) 20.02.24: hic, haec, hoc [2]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/hic-haec-hoc-2-hic-haec-hoc-can-also-be.html

(3) 20.02.24: hic, haec, hoc [3]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/hic-haec-hoc-3-these-three-words-can.html

[ii] ille, illa, illud [image #2]

LINK: 27.03.24: ille, illa, illud

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/270324-ille-illa-illud.html

[a] as a demonstrative adjective describing a noun

ille vir │ that man; illī discipulī │ those pupils

[b] as a demonstrative pronoun meaning that (man, woman, thing) or those (men, women, things) or, simply, as he, she, it, they etc.

ille dīxit │ that (man) / he said; illī dīxērunt │ those (people) / they said

At illī dīxērunt: Domine, ecce duo gladiī hīc*. At ille dīxit eīs: Satis est. (Vulgate) │ And they said: “Look, Master, there are two swords here.” And he said to them: “That is enough.”

*Note hīc – with long /ī/ - which means ‘here’ i.e. it has a different meaning from hic with short /i/.

The broad difference between [i] and [ii] above is whether the speaker is referring to someone / something [a] close or [b] further away:

[i] Quis est hic? Who is this?

[ii] Quis est ille? Who is that?

ille and hic and can also be used to distinguish between two (groups of) people in a similar way to English ‘the former’ and ‘the latter’ i.e. the sentence refers to the two groups of supporters of Remus and Romulus respectively:

Level 3; Kings of Rome [2]; the new city; the omens; the slaying of Remus

https://adckl2.blogspot.com/2025/05/level-3-kings-of-rome-2-new-city-omens.html

Deōs igitur auguriō cōnsulunt. … Priōrī [i] Remō signum venit; cui sex vulturēs cito appārent. Hōc nūntiātiō, duodecim [ii] Rōmulō sēsē ostendunt. Utrumque rēgem suī comitēs salūtāvērunt. Tempore enim [i] illī, [ii] hī numerō avium rēgnum sibi vindicābant.

Therefore, they consulted the gods by means of an augur. A sign came first to [i] Remus, and six vultures quickly appeared to him. After this had been announced, twelve showed themselves to [ii] Romulus. The groups of supporters each greeted their king, for [i] the former (i.e. the supporters of Remus) laid claim to the kingdom based upon (priority of) time, [ii] the latter (i.e. the supporters of Romulus) on the number of birds.

LINKS to [i] and [ii]

(1) 04.05.24: review; birthday plans [7] notes: other points (iii); demonstrative adjectives and pronouns [1]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/04.html

(2) 04.05.24: review; birthday plans [8] notes: other points (iv); demonstrative adjectives and pronouns [2] Examples of ille from the authors

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/040524-review-birthday-plans-8-notes.html

[iii] iste, ista, istud [image #3]

LINK: 04.05.24: review; birthday plans [9] notes: other points (iv); demonstratives and pronouns [3]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/040524-review-birthday-plans-9-notes.htm

While the distinctions between [i] and [ii] are generally obvious, there is no clear-cut equivalent of iste etc.

As with [ii] it can function as a demonstrative adjective [that / those] or as a pronoun [that (man) / he etc.] but refers to someone / something near the person being addressed, or someone / something with which the listener is connected (i.e. not necessarily physically present). While it can be translated in the same way as ille, check the context because, in Classical Latin, it is very often used pejoratively i.e. there is negative connotation to its use.

Quid quod adventū tuō ista subsellia vacuēfacta sunt (Cicero)│ What of this, that upon your arrival those benches around you / where you’re sitting were emptied [i.e. Cicero is referring to something near the person being addressed]

Quae est ista praetūra? (Cicero) │ what sort of partnership is that of yours? [referring to something with which the listener is associated]

Quid istud est negōtī? (Plautus) │ What business is that of yours?

Tamen istum condemnētis necesse est (Cicero) │ still you must condemn him / that man [clearly pejorative in the sense that Cicero believes he should be condemned]

Hercle istum dī omnēs perduint (Plautus) │ By Hercules, may all the gods damn that man!

01.11.25: Comenius (1658) XXVIII: Labouring Beasts [ii]: Greek speaking elephants and horse-hating camels

From the authors:

[1] Scīpiōnis legiōnēs X, elephantī CXX classēsque esse complūrēs (Bellum Āfricum) │ ten legions under the command of Scipio; a hundred and twenty elephants, and fleets in abundance. 

[2] cēperint amplius tria mīlia hominum, paulō minus mīlle equōrum, ūndēsexāgintā mīlitāria signa, septem elephantōs, quīnque in proeliō occīsīs (Livy) │ (The Romans) … made prisoners of more than 3000, captured somewhat less than 1000 horses, 59 military standards, 7 elephants, 5 having been killed in the battle

suprā tredecim mīlia hostium caesa, suprā duo milia capta cum signīs duōbus et quadrāgintā et novem elephantīs (Livy) │ Over 13,000 of the enemy were killed, more than 2000 made prisoners, 42 standards and 9 elephants were also taken.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_war_elephants

[3] Pliny the Elder in Book 8 of the Natural History (Nātūrālis Historia) writes about elephants. Below are some extracts; judging by Pliny’s comments in the first extract, we could do with a few elephants in Parliament:

[i] Ad reliqua trānseāmus animālia et prīmum terrestria. Maximum est elephāns proximumque hūmānīs sēnsibus, quippe intellēctūs illīs sermōnis patriī et imperiōrum obēdientia, officiōrum quae didicēre memoriā, …

Let us pass to the rest of the animals, and first those that live on land. The largest land animal is the elephant, and it is the nearest to man in intelligence: it understands the language of its country and obeys orders, remembers duties that it has been taught …

[ii] Rōmae iūnctī prīmum subiēre currum Pompēī Magnī Āfricānō triumphō │ At Rome they were first used in harness to draw the chariot of Pompey the Great in his African triumph

[iii] Mūciānus III cōnsul auctor est aliquem ex iīs et litterārum ductus Graecārum didicisse …

Mucianus who was three times consul* states that one of them [i.e. one elephant] actually learnt the shapes of the Greek letters … (*That apparently makes him an authority on elephants!)

[iv] This is possibly where the myth began …

… animālium maximē ōdēre mūrem et, sī pābulum in praesēpiō positum attingī ab eō vidēre, fastīdiunt │ They hate the mouse worst of living creatures, and if they see one merely touch the fodder placed in their stall they refuse it with disgust.

https://www.elephantsanctuary.co.za/blog/140-are-elephants-afraid-of-mice

Sadly, some things (infuriatingly) don’t change …

[v] nunc dentium causā pedēs eōrum iaculantur aliōquī mollissimōs │ At the present day (hunters) for the sake of their tusks shoot them with javelins in their feet, which in fact are extremely soft.

[3] Referring to camels, Pliny writes …

omnēs autem iūmentōrum ministeriīs dorsō funguntur atque etiam equitātūs in proeliīs │ all however perform the services of beasts of burden, and also of cavalry in battles

odium adversus equōs gerunt nātūrāle │  they possess an innate hatred for horses

sitim et quadriduō tolerant │ they can endure thirst for as much as four days

vīvunt quīnquāgēnīs annīs, quaedam et centēnīs. utrimque rabiem et ipsae sentiunt │ they live for fifty years, some even for a hundred; although even camels are liable to rabies

https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/8*.html

https://www.attalus.org/translate/pliny_hn8a.html

[4] mūlus, -ī [2/m]: mule, but as a term of abuse …

Lesbia mī praesente virō mala plūrima dīcit: │ Lesbia says many bad things of me in front of her husband:
haec illī fatuō maxima laetitia est. │ These are the source of greatest joy for that stupid man.
mūle. nihil sentīs? │ Fool, do you perceive nothing?

(Catullus 83)