LINK: 04.05.24: review; birthday plans [7] notes: other points (iii); demonstrative adjectives and pronouns [1]
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/04.html
Unlike English,
Latin does not have a single, dedicated group of words that function as he,
she, it, them etc. There are four sets of words which can act as the
equivalent of the English 3rd person pronouns and are usually
referred to under the general heading of demonstratives. In this post we
will look at three of them:
[i] hic, haec,
hoc [image #1]
[a] as a
demonstrative adjective describing a noun
hic vir │ this man; hī discipulī
│ these pupils
[b] as a
demonstrative pronoun meaning this (man, woman, thing) or these
(men, women, things) or, simply, as he, she, it, they etc.
hic est vir fortis │ this / he is
a brave man; hī sunt discipulī diligentēs │ these / they
are hard-working pupils
LINKS
(1) 20.02.24
agreement; hic, haec, hoc [1]
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/20_10.html
(2) 20.02.24:
practice using hic, haec, hoc
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/read-notes-again-in-previous-post-and.html
(3) 20.02.24: hic,
haec, hoc [2]
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/hic-haec-hoc-2-hic-haec-hoc-can-also-be.html
(3) 20.02.24: hic,
haec, hoc [3]
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/hic-haec-hoc-3-these-three-words-can.html
[ii] ille,
illa, illud [image #2]
LINK: 27.03.24:
ille, illa, illud
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/270324-ille-illa-illud.html
[a] as a
demonstrative adjective describing a noun
ille vir │ that man; illī
discipulī │ those pupils
[b] as a
demonstrative pronoun meaning that (man, woman, thing) or those
(men, women, things) or, simply, as he, she, it, they etc.
ille dīxit │ that (man) / he said;
illī dīxērunt │ those (people) / they said
At illī
dīxērunt: Domine, ecce duo gladiī hīc*. At ille dīxit eīs: Satis est.
(Vulgate) │ And they said: “Look, Master, there are two swords here.”
And he said to them: “That is enough.”
*Note hīc –
with long /ī/ - which means ‘here’ i.e. it has a different meaning from hic
with short /i/.
The broad
difference between [i] and [ii] above is whether the speaker is referring to
someone / something [a] close or [b] further away:
[i] Quis est hic?
Who is this?
[ii] Quis est ille?
Who is that?
ille and hic and can also be used to
distinguish between two (groups of) people in a similar way to English ‘the
former’ and ‘the latter’ i.e. the sentence refers to the two groups of
supporters of Remus and Romulus respectively:
Level 3; Kings of
Rome [2]; the new city; the omens; the slaying of Remus
https://adckl2.blogspot.com/2025/05/level-3-kings-of-rome-2-new-city-omens.html
Deōs igitur
auguriō cōnsulunt. … Priōrī [i] Remō signum venit; cui sex vulturēs
cito appārent. Hōc nūntiātiō, duodecim [ii] Rōmulō sēsē ostendunt. Utrumque rēgem
suī comitēs salūtāvērunt. Tempore enim [i] illī, [ii] hī numerō
avium rēgnum sibi vindicābant.
Therefore, they
consulted the gods by means of an augur. A sign came first to [i] Remus,
and six vultures quickly appeared to him. After this had been announced, twelve
showed themselves to [ii] Romulus. The groups of supporters each greeted
their king, for [i] the former (i.e. the supporters of Remus)
laid claim to the kingdom based upon (priority of) time, [ii] the latter
(i.e. the supporters of Romulus) on the number of birds.
LINKS to [i] and
[ii]
(1) 04.05.24:
review; birthday plans [7] notes: other points (iii); demonstrative adjectives
and pronouns [1]
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/04.html
(2) 04.05.24:
review; birthday plans [8] notes: other points (iv); demonstrative adjectives
and pronouns [2] Examples of ille from the authors
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/040524-review-birthday-plans-8-notes.html
[iii] iste,
ista, istud [image #3]
LINK: 04.05.24:
review; birthday plans [9] notes: other points (iv); demonstratives and
pronouns [3]
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/040524-review-birthday-plans-9-notes.htm
While the
distinctions between [i] and [ii] are generally obvious, there is no clear-cut
equivalent of iste etc.
As with [ii] it
can function as a demonstrative adjective [that / those] or as a pronoun [that
(man) / he etc.] but refers to someone / something near the person being
addressed, or someone / something with which the listener is connected (i.e.
not necessarily physically present). While it can be translated in the same way
as ille, check the context because, in Classical Latin, it is very often
used pejoratively i.e. there is negative connotation to its use.
Quid quod adventū
tuō ista subsellia vacuēfacta sunt (Cicero)│ What of this, that upon
your arrival those benches around you / where you’re sitting
were emptied [i.e. Cicero is referring to something near the person being
addressed]
Quae est ista praetūra?
(Cicero) │ what sort of partnership is that of yours? [referring to
something with which the listener is associated]
Quid istud est
negōtī? (Plautus) │ What business is that of yours?
Tamen istum condemnētis
necesse est (Cicero) │ still you must condemn him / that man
[clearly pejorative in the sense that Cicero believes he should be condemned]
Hercle istum
dī omnēs perduint (Plautus) │ By Hercules, may all the gods damn that man!
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