31.08.24: Level 2; the present active participle [11] (2); participles as nouns (2)

A good way to remember this use may be to drink a toast to them! In the Mediaeval Latin song ‘In taberna quando sumus’, the singers find any excuse to have a drink by toasting everyone they can think of! Here are toasts ten to thirteen! The lyrics  again show that the present active participle can stand alone and refer to the person performing the action.

prō nāvigantibus  │for the ones sailing / those [who are] sailing

prō discordantibus │for the ones quarrelling / those [who are] quarrelling

prō paenitentibus │for the ones repenting / those [who are] repenting

prō iter agentibus │for the ones travelling / those [who are] travelling

31.08.24: Level 2; the present active participle [11] (1); participles as nouns (1)

The present active participle can stand alone and function as a noun:

Image #1: This one phrase from the Vulgate illustrates an important use of the present active participle:

Vōx clamantis in dēsertō: the voice of someone crying the wilderness

Similarly:

audeō, -ere [2]: dare; venture; risk > audēns, -entis: daring

Latin proverb:

audentēs fortūna iuvat │ (the goddess) Fortune favours the brave [= brave people; those who are brave]

Other examples:

Ūnus ex audientibus īrātus est. │ One of those [who are] listening got angry.

Multōs disputantēs audiō. │I hear many [people] arguing.

vōcēs morientium │the voices of those who are dying

Qui cum sapiente* ambulat, sapientior erit. │He who walks with a wise man [a man who is wise] will be wiser.

 *When the participles act as nouns, the ablative singular is -e and not -ī.

Other images: this use of the participle to convey a noun has ended up in derivatives:

agēns,  -entis: doing; acting > Modern English: agent i.e. a person who is acting on somebody’s behalf

dēfendēns, -entis: defending > M.Eng: defendant i.e. a person who is defending him/herself

litigāns, -antis: quarrelling > M.Eng. litigant i.e. a person who is suing

patiēns, -entis: suffering > M.Eng: patient i.e. a person who is suffering

recipiēns, -entis: receiving: M.Eng: recipient i.e. a person who receives

studēns, -entis: dedicating effort to > M.Eng: student i.e. a person who studies

And secret agent, Johnny English might help you to remember this use!

30.08.24: Level 1; Ora Maritima 9[2]; cloze

Which of the three words completes each blank?

Nōbīs [1] __________ fēriae plēnae sunt [2] __________ ā māne usque ad  [3] __________. Nōnnumquam in [4] __________ cum [5] __________ nāvigāmus. [6] __________ est adulescentulus vīgintī annōrum. [7] __________ scapha nōn sōlum [8] ­­­­__________ sed etiam vēlīs apta est. Plērumque rēmigāmus, sed nōnnumquam [9] __________ damus, cum ventus nōn nimis asper est. Petrus [10] __________  gubernat et [11] __________ ministrat. Nōs [12] __________ scapham bellam laudāmus et amāmus.

1. (a) puerōs; (b) puerīs; (c) puerī
2. (a) gaudiōrum; (b) gaudium; (c) gaudiī
3. (a) vesperō; (b) vesper; (c) vesperum
4. (a) scapham; (b) scapha; (c) scaphā
5. (a) Petrus; (b) Petrō; (c) Petrī
6. (a) Petrus; (b) Petrī; (c) Petrō
7. (a) Petrus; (b) Petrī; (c) Petrō
8. (a) rēmus; (b) rēmōs; (c) rēmīs
9. (a) vēlīs; (b) vēla; (c) vēlī
10. (a) scapham; (b) scapha; (c) scaphā
11. (a) vēlīs; (b) vēla; (c) vēlī
12. (a) puerōs; (b) puerī; (c) puerīs

____________________

1. puerīs
2. gaudiōrum
3. vesperum
4. scaphā
5. Petrō
6. Petrus
7. Petrī
8. rēmīs
9. vēla
10. scapham
11. vēlis
12. puerī

30.08.24: Level 1; review; practice in the cases [3](4); 1st / 2nd declension nouns and adjectives: genitive plural [2]

Colloquium

Belgae, -ārum [1/m/pl]: Belgae, group of tribes in Northern Gaul

dominus, -ī [2/m]: master

omnēs: everyone

noster, nostra, nostrum: our

quī? who?

Note: cūius / quōrum? whose?

[i] cūius: used when referring to one person

Cūius fīlius est magnus? │ Whose son is big? [i.e. the son ¦ of which one person?]

[ii] quōrum: used when referring to more than one person

Sumus servī ¦ Gallōrum. │ We are the slaves ¦ of the Gauls.

Quōrum servī? │ Whose slaves? [i.e. the slaves ¦ of which people?]

__________

Duo Servī: Dominī nostrī Gallī sunt.

Omnēs:  Quī vōs estis?

Duo Servī: Sumus servī Gallōrum.

Omnēs: Quōrum servī?

Duo Servī: Gallōrum servī.

Omnēs: Numerus servōrum est duo.

__________

Trēs Servī: Dominī nostrī Belgae sunt.

Omnēs: Quī vōs estis?

Trēs Servī: Sumus servī Belgārum.

Omnēs: Quōrum servī?

Trēs Servī: Belgārum servī.

Omnēs: Numerus servōrum est trēs.

29.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [15]

Hannibal, postquam in Ītaliam vēnit, cōpiās trāns fluvium Tīcīnum dūxit, ubi castra habēbat. Inde ubi mīlitēs convocāvit, praemia certa nūntiāvit. ‘Agrōs,' inquit, ‘in Ītaliā, Āfricā, Hispāniā mīlitibus dabō, aut pecūniam: lībertātem servīs dabō.’ Inde Hannibal cōpiās Rōmānās prope fluviōs, Tīcīnum et Trebiam, superāvit. Proximō annō ubi Nepōs, quī erat imperātor Rōmānus, cōpiās per saltum dūcēbat, Hannibal īnsidiās parāvit et subitō oppugnāvit. Poenī imperātōrem Rōmānum et mīlitēs multōs necāvērunt et cēterōs fugāvērunt.

saltus, -ūs [4/m]: (narrow) pass e.g. a mountain pass

Sentence structure

Note the two meanings of ubi as ‘where’ and ‘when’:

[i] Hannibal, ¦ [ii] postquam in Ītaliam vēnit, ¦ [i] cōpiās trāns fluvium Tīcīnum dūxit, [iii] ubi castra habēbat.

[i] Hannibal, ¦ [ii] after he came into Italy, ¦ [i] led the troops across the Ticinus river, [iii] where he had a camp.

[i] Inde ¦ [ii] ubi mīlitēs convocāvit, ¦ [i] praemia certa nūntiāvit.

[i] Then, ¦ [ii] when he called his soldiers together, ¦ [i] he announced certain rewards.

Image #1

Latin has very varied sentence structure and, at times, it seems that the sentence is never going to end! The sentences that are appearing in these texts are slowly introducing you to more complex sentence structure. In this example there are clauses (colour coded) that surround other clauses. Look for the “markers” that introduce the clauses e.g. ubi, quī and et.

[i] Proximō annō ¦ [ii] ubi Nepōs, ¦ [iii] quī erat imperātor Rōmānus, ¦ [ii] cōpiās per saltum dūcēbat, [i] Hannibal īnsidiās parāvit ¦ et [i] subitō oppugnāvit.

[i] The next year, ¦ [ii] when Nepos, ¦ [iii] who was the Roman commander [relative / adjectival clause], ¦ [ii] was leading troops through the pass [subordinate clause of time*], [i] Hannibal prepared an ambush [principal clause #1] ¦ and [i] suddenly attacked [principal clause #2].

*also known as a temporal clause 

____________________

Hannibal, after he had come into Italy, led his troops across the Ticinus river, where he had a camp. Then, when he summoned the soldiers, he announced certain rewards. “I shall give,” he said “fields in Italy, Africa (and) Spain to the soldiers, or money: I shall give freedom to the slaves.” Then Hannibal overcame the Roman forces near the Ticinus and Trebia rivers. In the next year, when Nepos, who was the Roman commander, was leading his troops through the pass, Hannibal prepared an ambush and attacked him suddenly. The Carthaginians killed the Roman commander and they killed soldiers and forced the rest to flee.

____________________

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ticinus

18th century depiction of the Battle of Ticinus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trebia

Matthäus Merian the Elder, "Battle of Trebbia" (1625)

29.08.24: Level 2; the present active participle [10]; declension [8]; other cases

Participles are generally easy to spot since they have distinctive markers i.e. -ns for the nominative singular and -nt- when endings are added. Also, they are formed from verbs and so, if you recognise the verb, you’ll recognise the participle. Below are examples of the participle in different cases.

ambulō, -āre [1]: walk > ambulāns, -antis: walking

clamō, -āre [1]: shout > clamāns, -antis: shouting

convalēscō, -ere [3]: recover > convalēscēns, -entis: recovering (from illness)

dubitō, -āre [1]: hesitate > dubitāns, -antis: hesitating

lacrimō, -āre [1]: cry > lacrimāns, -antis: crying

sedeō, -ere [3]: sit > sedēns, -entis: sitting

volō, -āre [1]: fly > volāns, -antis: flying

Nom. Sg:

In silvā ambulāns agricola pecūniam invēnit. │ While walking in the forest the farmer finds money.

Gen. Sg.                       

Sōl ālās puerī volantis liquefacit. │The sun melts the wings of the boy [as he is] flying.

Dat. Sg.                        

Amīcō convalēscentī cibum mittō. │ I send food to the friend [who is] recovering from illness.

Acc. Sg.                       

Flāvia fīlium suum in hortō sedentem vīdit. │ Flavia sees her son [while he is] sitting in the garden.

Abl. Sg.

Nihil sciō dē fēminā lacrimantī. │ I know nothing about the woman [who is ] crying.

____________________

Nom. Pl.                      

Prope rīpam ambulantēs, puerī aurum inveniunt. │ The boys [while they’re] walking near the riverbank find gold.

Gen. Pl.

Vōcēs nautārum clāmantium audīre possumus. │ We can hear the voices of the sailors [as they are] shouting.

Dat. Pl.                         

Senātor cīvibus dubitantibus persuādet. │ The senator persuades the citizens [who are] hesitating.

Acc. Pl.                        

Mīlitēs servōs per viam currentēs capiunt. │ The soldiers capture the slaves [while they are] running along the street.

Abl. Pl.                         

Quid scīs dē servīs fugientibus? │ What do you know about the slaves [who are] fleeing?

Complete each sentence by choosing the appropriate participle from the box below.

1. Achillēs Troiānōs ______ occīdere cupit. │ Achilles wants to kill the fleeing Trojans.
2. Servī frūmentum ______ ad oppidum currunt. │The slaves carrying grain run to the town.
3. Fēlēs mūrem in herbā ______ cōnspicit. │The cat observes the mouse hiding in the grass.
4. Flāvia in hortō sedet librum ______.  │ Flavia is sitting in the garden reading a book.
5. Mīlitēs urbī ______ spectāmus. │ We watch the soldiers approaching the city.
6. Pater mihi fābulam ______ nārrat. │My father tells me a frightening story.
7. Puellās ad portās ______ vīdimus. │We see the girls hurrying to the gates.
8. Quis est ille vir in forō ______. │ Who is that man standing in the forum?
9. Servus cibum dominō ______ portat. │The slave brings food to the master who is waiting.
10. Servus dominum ______ excitat. │ The slave wakes up the master as he is sleeping.
11. Ancilla, dominum ______ ātrium intrat. │The slave-girl hearing the master enters the hall.
12. Leōnem ______ vidēmus. │We see a dying lion.
13. Ego aut ______ aut ______ disputō. │While either sitting or walking I am discussing.

ambulāns; appropinquantēs; audiēns; dormientem; exspectantī;  festīnantēs; fugientēs; latentem; legēns; morientem; portantēs; sedēns; stāns; terrentem

28.08.24: follow-up on previous post 'how cats shows their emotions' [3]; level 2; perfect passive participles - a brief introduction

(per)territus, -a, -um: (really) frightened

satisfactus, -a, -um: satisfied

These two work quite happily as adjectives and, at this stage, I wouldn’t go any further with them. They are, however, “knocking on the door” of a far larger topic, yet to be discussed in the group but one which is on the way at Level 2, and beyond. Therefore, here are some brief notes on them.

English:

You’ll need to pay for that broken window. [ = a window that has been broken]; Latin: frāctus, -a, -um (broken)

Macbeth is a play written by Shakespeare. [= a play that has been written by Shakepspeare.]; Latin: scrīptus, -a, -um (written)

The ambulance took the injured motorcyclist [ = the motorcyclist who had been injured]  to hospital.; Latin: vulnerātus, -a, -um (injured)

What you see in those examples above are called in Latin perfect passive participles, they describe something that has been done to the noun:

a frightened cat = a cat that has been frightened; Latin: territus, -a, -um

a satsified customer = a customer who has been satisfied; Latin: satisfactus, -a, -um

The Latin words come from the fourth and final principal part of a verb. When you look up a verb in the dictionary you will – for most of them – see four parts, three of which have already been covered in detail in the posts. Here are the three principal parts for the verb ‘to break’:

First principal part: frangō │ Second principal part: frangere │ Third principal part: frēgī

Image #1: Now look at the entries from two different dictionaries. The fourth principal part can be confusing because it will be listed either as [i] frāct¦us or [ii] frāct¦um. If the dictionary lists frāctus (broken) that is the perfect passive participle (which is what is being used here), but if it lists frāctum that is a form known as the supine, a form that should be left until later.  However, it doesn’t matter: if the 4^th principal part ends in -us, then you’re ready to go > frāctus, -a, -um. If it ends in -um, change it to -us and you’re still ready to go.

Here are some other things that could have happened to cats! The passive participles are important because, while the Romans never talked much about what happened to cats, they did talk about what happened to themselves: injured, murdered, carried off, poisoned, mistrusted, locked up etc.

cattus vulnerātus: an injured cat

cattus venēnātus: a poisoned cat

cattus necātus: a murdered cat

cattus suspicātus: a mistrusted cat

cattus numquam amātus: a “never having been loved” cat = that has never been loved

cattus ab omnibus laudātus: a cat praised by everybody

cattus ā fūribus ablātus: a cat stolen by thieves

cattus in caveā clausus: a cat locked up in a cage

The Latin Tutorial video will give you more information at the moment:

28.08.24: follow-up on previous post 'how cats show their emotions' [2]; level 2; participles as adjectives

There have already been a series of posts on participles, and all the words in bold below are participles but act as adjectives:

amō, -āre [1]: love > amāns, amantis: loving > fēlēs / cattus amāns, literally: a cat which loves = a loving cat

īnsidiō, -āre [1]: lie in wait; ambush > īnsidiāns, īnsidiantis: lying in wait > felēs / cattus īnsidiāns: a lurking cat

timeō, -ēre [2]: fear > timēns, timentis: fearing > fēlēs / cattus timēns, literally: a cat which fears / is afraid = a fearful cat

fīdō, -ere [3]: trust > fidēns, fidentis: trusting > fēlēs / cattus fidēns = a trusting cat

obrēpō, -ere [3]: sneak up on > obrepēns, obrepentis: stealthily approaching > fēlēs / cattus obrēpēns = a cat that’s creeping up (towards you)

These are present active participles that convey what the noun does or is doing.

Now compare these: 4 cats and 2 participles

Compare:

[1] cattus terrēns: a frightening cat; cattus vincēns: a conquering cat!

[2] cattus territus: a frightened cat; cattus victus: a conquered cat!

The second ones aren’t describing what the cat is doing but about what has happened to the cat. The next post will start to look at those.

28.08.24: follow-up on previous post 'how cats show their emotions' [1]; level 1

affectus, -ūs [4/m]: mood; emotion

animus, -ī [2/m]: has many meanings e.g. life, soul but, in this context, “mind”

It’s one of these words which take a bit of thought when translating from Latin:

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/animus#Latin

cattus, -ī [2/m] is a Late Latin / Mediaeval Latin word, the origins of which are unclear. It is an example of a Wanderwort, a wandering word that appears in different languages possibly through trade.

Classical Latin: fēlēs, -is [3/f]

[1] cūriōsus, -a, -um

The suffix –(i)ōsus is added to nouns to convey “full of” (whatever the noun is) i.e. cūra, -ae [1/f]: care; attention > curiōsus, -a, -um: [i] careful [ii] curious

lacrima, -ae [1/f]: tear > lacrimōsus, -a, -um: weeping [= full of tears]

ventus, -ī [2/m]: wind > ventōsus, -a, -um: windy [= full of wind]

The ending, again often through French, ends up in English derivatives:

ambitiō, ambitiōnis [3/f]: desire for popularity > ambitiōsus, -a, -um > Engl. ambitious

glōria, -ae [1/f]: glory > glōriōsus, -a, -um > Engl. glorious

lūmen, lūminis [3/n]: light > lūminōsus, -a, -um > Engl. luminous

nervus, -ī [2/m]: [i] (physical) sinew; tendon; nerve > nervōsus, -a, -um > Engl. nervous

Note:

[i] Some English derivatives ending in –(i)ous were taken directly from Latin adjectives which did not have -ōsus, three of which are in the list:

ānxius, -a, -um > Engl. anxious

cautus, -a, -um > Engl. careful; cautious

sollicitus, -a, -um: worried > Engl. solicitous (showing care or concern)

Further examples:

ātrox, ātrocis: fierce, cruel > Engl. atrocious

vorāx, vorācis: gluttonous > Engl. voracious

[ii] The other point to look out for is that original Latin words often had wider meanings than the English derivatives, for example:

genus, generis [3/n]: birth; origin > generōsus, -a, -um: [i] well-born; well-bred [ii] generous > Engl: generous i.e. the English meaning is narrower than the original Latin.

[2] amīcus can be both and a noun and an adjective

[i] amīcus, -ī [2/m]: friend

[ii] amīcus, -a, -um: friendly

The opposite of both the adjective and the noun is [i] inimīcus, -ī [2/m]: enemy and [ii] inimīcus, -a, -um: hostile; note that Latin makes a distinction between hostis, -is [3/m]: enemy, in the sense of a military enemy, whereas inimīcus refers to a personal enemy

The prefix in- in Latin can create opposites:

cautus, -a, -um: cautious; careful │ incautus, -a, -um: incautious; careless

grātus, -a, -um: pleasing; grateful │ ingrātus, -a, -um: disagreeable; ungrateful

Again, look at grātus which may mean ‘grateful’ but can have other meanings such as ‘pleasing’ or ‘acceptable’. This is something of which you need to be aware when dealing with any English derivatives of Latin i.e. the meaning in context may not be what immediately springs to mind when you first see the word.

[3] per- is a prefix which intensifies the meaning of the root word:

territus, -a, -um: frightened > perterritus, -a, -um: (thoroughly) frightened

multī, -ae, -a: many > permultī, -ae, -a: very many

28.08.24: How cats show their emotions, Latin edition.

 

28.08.24: Level 1; Ora Maritima 9[1]

Read and listen to the text, and find the Latin for:

1. from morning
2. generally; most of the time
3. not only … but also
4. sometimes (What's the literal meaning of the Latin word?)
5. too; excessively
6. until evening

Nōbīs puerīs fēriae plēnae sunt gaudiōrum ā māne usque ad vesperum. Nōnnumquam in scaphā cum Petrō nāvigāmus. Petrus est adulescentulus vīgintī annōrum. Petrī scapha nōn sōlum rēmīs sed etiam vēlīs apta est. Plērumque rēmigāmus, sed nōnnumquam vēla damus*, cum ventus nōn nimis asper est. Petrus scapham gubernat et vēlīs ministrat. Nōs puerī scapham bellam laudāmus et amāmus.

*Note: vēla damus; literally: we give sails > we set sail

 ____________________

The holidays are full of joys [= fun] for us boys [= We boys have holidays (that are) filled with fun] from morning to evening. Sometimes we sail in a boat with Peter. Peter is a young man of twenty years [= a twenty-year-old …]. Peter's boat is suitable not only for oars  but also for sails. We row most of the time, but sometimes we set sail when the wind is not too rough. Peter steers the boat and attends to the sails. We boys praise and love the beautiful boat.

28.08.24: Level 1; review; practice in the cases [3](3); 1st / 2nd declension nouns and adjectives: genitive plural [1]

[1]

nominative singular: īnsula

nominative plural: īnsulae

> rēgina ¦ īnsulārum [genitive plural] │ the queen ¦ of the islands

Britannicus, -a, -um: British

> rēgina ¦ īnsulārum [genitive plural] Britannicārum [genitive plural]   │ the queen ¦ of the British islands

[2]

nominative singular: Rōmānus

nominative plural: Rōmānī

> dux ¦ Rōmānōrum [genitive plural] │ the commander ¦ of the Romans [ = the Romans’ commander]

dēfessus, -a, -um: tired

> dux ¦ Rōmānōrum [genitive plural] dēfessōrum [genitive plural]  │ the commander ¦ of the tired Romans

[3]

Nominative singular: oppidum

Nominative plural: oppida

> numerus ¦ oppidōrum [genitive plural] │ the number ¦ of towns

magnus, -a, -um:  big

> numerus ¦ oppidōrum [genitive plural] magnōrum [genitive plural] │ the number ¦ of large towns

Lectiō §14

cōpia, -ae [1/f]: (here) supply; in the plural copiae often refers to ‘troops’

incola, -ae [1 m/f]: inhabitant

numerus, -ī [2/m]: number

Barbarus, -ī [2/m]: a foreigner; an uncivilised man; the Romans frequently used this term to refer to their enemies and / or people who were neither Roman nor Greek

Germanus, -ī [2/m]: a member of a Germanic tribe; a Germanic person

Graecus, -ī [2/m]: a Greek (person)

armātus, -a, -um: armed; in Latin, adjectives can also stand alone as nouns e.g. here: armed man

paucus, -a, -um: few; a little

27.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [14]

Again, notice the mixture of perfect and present tense, the latter used to make the narrative more vivid.

Inde Hannibal, postquam cōpiās trāns montēs Pȳrēnaeōs et fluvium Rhodanum dūxit, ad summās Alpēs vēnit. Sed montēs altī Poenōs impediēbant. Inde Hannibal mīlitēs convocat: ‘Ō mīlitēs,’ inquit, ‘moenia Ītaliae et Rōmae trānscendistis. Nunc via erit plāna; ūnā aut alterā pugnā arcem et caput Ītaliae in potestāte vestrā habēbitis.’ Via est difficilis, sed Poenī struem magnam arborum faciunt, arborēs incendunt, acētum īnfundunt. Tandem in Ītaliam perveniunt.

acētum, -ī [2/n]: vinegar

arx, arcis [3/f]: citadel

īnfundo, -ere, īnfūdī [3]: pour in

struēs, -is [3/f]: pile; heap

Sentence structure:

[i] Inde Hannibal, ¦ postquam cōpiās trāns montēs Pȳrēnaeōs et fluvium Rhodanum dūxit [subordinate clause of time], ¦ [i] ad summās Alpēs vēnit [principal clause].

____________________

From there Hannibal, after he led his troops over the mountains of the Pyrenees and the river Rhone, came to the tops of the Alps. But the high mountains hindered the Carthaginians. Then Hannibal calls [called] the soldiers together: 'O soldiers,' he said, 'you have crossed over the walls of Italy and Rome. Now the road will be flat; in one battle or another you will have the citadel and the capital of Italy in your power.' The way is difficult, but the Carthaginians make [made] a great pile of trees, set fire to the trees, and pour [poured] in vinegar. At last they reach [reached] Italy.

____________________

27.08.24: Level 2; the present active participle [9]; declension [7]; other cases; Androclus et leō [2]

fera, -ae [1/f]: wild animal

lambō, -ere, lambī [3]: lick

mordeō, -ēre, momordī [2]: bite

osculō, -āre, -āvī [1]: kiss

parcō, -ere, pepercī [3]: spare; have mercy (for); the verb is followed by the dative case

sagīna, -ae [1/f]: (here) prey

scelestus, -a, -um: wicked; a wicked person

tergum, -ī [2/n]: back

trucīdō, -āre, -āvī [1]: slaughter

[A]

1. Where does this second scene take place? [1 point]
2. What three groups of people are to be thrown to the lions? [3 points]
3. What does the third spectator shout? [2 points]
4. Why does Androcles say ‘O mē miserum’? [5 points]: [i] Nunc [ii] ā leōne fugiō. [iii] Semper [iv] ab aliquō fugiō. Sed [v] iam fessus sum.
5. Why does Androcles ask the lion to spare him? [1 point]
6. In your own words, explain why the lion spares him. [3 points]
7. What does the lion tell Androcles to do? [1 point]
8. Where does the lion take him? [3 points]: Nunc ¦ [i] ex arēnā ¦ tē portō …  (Sīc ¦ [ii] per portam Circī ¦ Androclus et leō ¦ [iii] in viās ¦ effugiunt.)

[B] Find the Latin:

1. Androcles, fleeing from the lion
2. the first specator shouting out
3. the lion chasing away Androclus / making Androclus flee
4. I don’t see the lion eating but kissing the slave
5. I hear one lion slaughtering…I see another lion biting…
6. I see the guards throwing the thieves into the arena
7. I see the lion chasing away the slave / making the slave flee
8. I see the lions entering
9. I see the slave fleeing
10. It runs at the guards who flee in fear 

26.08.24: Ora Maritima 8[4]; notes

The numbers refer to notes after the text.

In numerō amīcōrum meōrum sunt duo puerī. Mārcus, puer quattuordecim annōrum, [1] mihi praecipuus amīcus est. Prope Dubrās nunc habitant, sed ex Calēdoniā oriundī sunt. [1] Nōbīs puerīs fēriae nunc sunt; nam condiscipulī sumus. [2] Inter fēriās līberī sumus scholīs. Amīcī meī mē saepe vīsitant, et ego amīcōs meōs vīsitō. Magna est inter nōs amīcitia. Ūnā ambulāmus, ūnā in undīs [5] spūmiferīs natāmus, cum nōn nimis asperae sunt. [3] Quantopere nōs puerōs lūdī pilārum in arēnā dēlectant! [4] Ut iuvat castella contrā undās spūmiferās aedificāre!

[1] Note the uses of the dative in these sentences:

 Marcus ... mihi praecipuus amicus est. │Marcus is ... a special friend to me.

Nōbīs puerīs fēriae nunc sunt. │ We boys now have holidays [= are on holiday]; literally: to us boys are now holidays.

[2] Inter fēriās līberī sumus scholīs. This is an example of the ablative of separation used without a preposition; it implies that a person or thing is separated from something else, but not in a literal / physical sense:

Inter fēriās līberī sumus scholīs. │ During the holidays we are free from lessons.

An example of this was in an earlier text:

Nunc mīlitiā vacat. │ Now he is free (retired) from the military.

[3] Quantopere nōs puerōs lūdī pilārum in arēnā dēlectant! A more natural way of translating this sentence would be: How much we boys love / We boys really love ball games on the sand! Note, however, how Latin expresses the idea:

quantopere: how greatly

[i] lūdī pilārum ¦ in arēnā: ball games ¦ on the sand

[ii] dēlectant: delight

[iii] nōs puerōs: us boys

i.e. lūdī is the subject of the sentence: games, and those games delight (dēlectant) the boys (puerōs: accusative plural).

How greatly ¦ ball games on the sand ¦ delight ¦ us boys.

[4] Ut iuvat castella contrā undās spūmiferās aedificāre!  Iuvat is the 3^rd person singular of iuvō, -āre [1] (help) but, like dēlectat, it can be used as an impersonal verb meaning ‘delight’ or ‘please’:

Ut iuvat castella contrā undās spūmiferās aedificāre!     │ Literally: How it pleases to build castles against the foaming waves! [= How much fun it is to ...]

[5] spūmifer, -a, -um: foam-bearing; foaming

The suffix -fer (bearing; carrying; bringing) is used in a number of words in Latin. Below are some examples:

• frūgifer, -a, -um: bearing fruit i.e. fruitful
• morbifer, -a, -um: bringing disease
• mortifer, -a, -um: bringing death i.e. deadly; fatal
• pācifer, -a, -um: peace bringing i.e. peaceful
• pestifer, -a, -um: bringing disease i.e. destructive
• aquilifer, -ī [2/m]: standard-bearer i.e. the one who carries the eagle
• signifer, -ī [2/m]: standard-bearer
• Lūcifer, -ī [2/m]: bringing light from Gk. φῶς (phôs, “light”) +‎ -φόρος (-phóros, “bringing”) i.e. the morning star; (Bibl.) Lucifer

Illustration of Lucifer in the first fully illustrated print edition of Dante's Divine Comedy. Woodcut for Inferno, canto 34. Petrus de Plasiis, Venice, 1491.

26.08.24: Level 1; review; practice in the cases [3](2); 1st / 2nd declension nouns and adjectives: genitive singular [2]

§12: Colloquium 

altus, -a, um: tall; high; (depending on context) deep

Gallus, -ī [2/m]: (a) Gaul

hīc: here

[i] Note that the author places a hyphen between est and ne. This is not a standard way of writing it; he only does this to show that the question is made up of two parts i.e. est (is) and ne.

[ii] In grammar -ne is called a particle i.e. it has no meaning separately nor is it classified as, for example, a noun or an adjective or an adverb but is used to add meaning to the word to which it is attached. The particle is also described as enclitic, meaning that it is attached to the end of a word.

Two other common enclitic particles are:

-que: and

-ve: or

[A] Find the Latin:

• a big town of Italy
• the gate of Rome
• the shore of Britain
• the slave’s daughter
• the spear of the Gaul [= the Gaul’s spear]
• the wall of Rome

[B] Fill in the gaps with the missing questions, phrases and words; try this before looking at the main text.

(1) __________ Hic est Gallī hasta.

(2) __________ Nōn longa est.

(3) __________ hasta Rōmāna longa? Hasta Rōmāna nōn est parva: (4) __________.

Estne mūrus Rōmae parvus? (5) __________: mūrus Rōmae est magnus. Mūrus Rōmae est (6) __________.

Estne Rōma magna? Rōma est (7) __________: Rōma est magnum oppidum Ītaliae.

Estne (8) __________ Rōmae magna? Magna est.

(9) __________ Rōma est magna et via Rōmāna est lāta.

Ubi est Britannia? (10) __________ est Britannia.

Ubi est ōra Britanniae? (11) __________.

Estne Britannia īnsula? Britannia (12) __________.

Estne Britannia (13) __________ īnsula? Britannia nōn est parva īnsula: Britannia est (14) __________ īnsula.

Ubi est (15) __________? Fīlia servī nōn hīc est: (16) __________ servus hīc est. 

altus et lātus; Cūr est porta Rōmae magna?; est īnsula parva; Estne; Estne Gallī hasta longa?; fīlia servī; hasta Rōmāna est longa; Hīc; Hīc est ōra Britanniae; magna; magnum oppidum; magnus; Nōn est parvus; parva; porta; Ubi est hasta Gallī? 

25.08.24: Level 2; the present active participle [8]; declension [6]; other cases; Androclus et leō [1]

• abripiō, -ere, abripuī [3-iō]: take away (forcefully); drag away
• cervus, -ī [2/m]: deer; stag
• extendō, -ere, extendī [3]: stretch out
• extrahō, -ere, extrāxī [3]: pull out
• extractus, -a, -um: pulled out
• olfaciō, -ere, olfēcī [3-iō]: smell
• spīna, -ae [1/f]: thorn

[A]

1. Where exactly is Androcles? [2 points]
2. Who is not there? [1 point]
3. Why does Androcles describe this man as abominandus? [2 points]
4. What did Androcles decide to do because of this? [1 point]
5. Why does Androcles hide in the cave? [1 point]
6. How does the lion first know that a human being is there? [1 point]
7. What does the lion ask Androcles to do and why? [2 points]
8. What does Androcles tell the lion to do? [1 point]
9. What is the cause of the problem? [1 point]
10. What does Androcles have to say “Extende iterum”? [1 point]
11. What does the lion tell Androcles to do, and what is the lion going to do? [3 points]: Nunc tū [i] in cavernā manē ¦ [ii] dum ego ¦ [iii] tibi ¦ cervum captō. 

[B] Find the Latin:

Nominative

1. Androcles enters running
2. The lion approaches roaring
3. The lion enters roaring
4. Androcles, trembling, says
5. The lion, opening its mouth, weeps
6. Androcles in fear [lit: fearing] goes out
7. The lion, fearfully [lit: fearing] stetches out its foot
8. He goes out dancing / jumping

Accusative

1. He beats me when I’m doing nothing
2. I hear a lion roaring
3. I smell a man hiding
4. I see you hiding in the cave
5. I don’t like my foot hurting
6. I don’t like the lion shouting out

Genitive

• I don’t like the teeth ¦ of the lion ¦ as it opens its mouth

Dative

1. I give help to animals in pain [lit: which are suffering]
2. I also give help to you in pain / suffering

25.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [13]

Hannibal, quī erat imperātor Poenōrum, ex Āfricā ad Hispāniam nāvigāvit et cum cōpiīs magnīs Saguntum oppugnāvit. Ubi lēgātī Rōmānī ad Hannibalem dē pāce vēnērunt, Hannibal lēgātiōnem nōn audīvit, sed oppidum expugnāvit. Inde Rōmānī lēgātōs ad Poenōs iterum mīsērunt. ‘ Hīc,’ inquit lēgātus Rōmānus, ‘vōbīs bellum et pācem portāmus: utrum placet vōbīs, sūmite.’ Bellum et Rōmānīs et Poenīs placēbat.

• lēgātus, -ī [2/m]: (the person) ambassador; envoy
• lēgātiō, lēgātiōnis [3/f]: legation i.e. the purpose for which an ambassador is sent; diplomatic mission would be a suitable translation
• utrum: which of the two

Sentence structure:

[i] Hannibal, ¦ [ii] quī erat imperātor Poenōrum [relative / adjectival clause], ¦ [i] ex Āfricā ad Hispāniam nāvigāvit [principal clause #1] ¦ et [i] cum cōpiīs magnīs Saguntum oppugnāvit [principal clause #2].

[ii] Ubi lēgātī Rōmānī ad Hannibalem dē pāce vēnērunt [subordinate clause of time], ¦ [i] Hannibal lēgātiōnem nōn audīvit [principal clause #1], ¦ sed [i] oppidum expugnāvit [principal clause #2].

quī: relative pronoun

et / sed: coordinating conjunctions i.e. they connect 2 principal clauses

ubi: subdordinating conjunction i.e. it introduces a subordinate clause, in this case a subordinate clause of time

____________________

Hannibal, who was the commander of the Carthaginians, sailed from Africa to Spain and attacked Saguntum with a large force. When the Roman ambassadros came to Hannibal for peace, Hannibal did not listen to the diplomatic mission, but sacked the town. Then the Romans sent the ambassadors to the Carthaginians again. 'Here,' said the Roman envoy, 'we bring war and peace to you: which of the two pleases you, take (it).' War pleased both the Romans and the Carthaginians.

____________________

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Saguntum