20.10.25: Level 1; Carolus et Maria: Review Units [6] – [10][ii] verbs

The early sections of Carolus et Maria focus on the first and second conjugation verbs. They do, however, gently introduce the other conjugations i.e. the 3rd, 3rd-iō and 4th conjugations. Many examples of the 3rd conjugation are given since it is the most commonly found of these three conjugations, and far more information is given in the links. As with the noun declensions, don’t try to learn everything at once. First of all note:

(1) The personal endings i.e. who is performing the action is always clear, and applies to all conjugations of the verbs.

-ō: I

-s: you (singular)

-t: he / she / it

-mus: we

-tis: you (plural)

-nt: they

(2) the verbs are classified into different conjugations based upon their stem i.e. the vowel to which the ending is added

[1] 3^rd conjugation

Fābulās tuās in epistulīs tuīs semper legō │ I always read your stories in your letters

Bene scrībis │ You write well

Helena iānuam claudit │ Helena closes the door

Magistra hās epistulās in scholā legit │ The teacher reads these letters in school

Pater intellegit │ The father understands

Iūliae dōnum ostendit │ He shows the gift to Julia

Nōn legit │ He does not read  / He isn’t reading

Fābulās legimus │We read stories

Intellegitisne, discipulī? │ Do you understand, pupils?

Discipulī linguam Latīnam discunt │ The pupils are learning Latin

Magistrae dōnum et epistulam puer et puella ostendunt │ The boy and the girl show the letter and the gift to the teacher

LINKS: 3^rd conjugation

11.03.24: introduction to 3rd conjugation verbs ... and how to be a worthless dice player!

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/110324-introduction-to-3rd-conjugation.html

11.03.24: 3rd conjugation verbs: ways of learning [1]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/110324-3rd-conjugation-verbs-ways-of.html

11.03.24: simple practice for the 3rd conjugation

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/110324-simple-practice-for-3rd.html

11.03.24: ways of learning [2]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/110324-ways-of-learning.html

24.10.24: Level 1; review; practice in the verbs [8]; 3rd conjugation

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/09/241024-level-1-review-practice-in-verbs.html

[2] 3^rd-iō conjugation

Pater cēnam bonam cupit │ The father desires (wants) a good dinner

Maria et Carolus in scholā esse nōn cupiunt │ Maria and Carolus do not want to be in school

LINKS: 3^rd-iō conjugation

18.03.24: 3rd-iō conjugation

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/180304-3rd-io-conjugation.html

18.03.24: practice in the 3-iō conjugation

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/180324-practice-in-3-io-conjugation.html

28.08.25: Level 1: 3rd-iō conjugation verbs

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/05/280825-level-1-3rd-io-conjugation-verbs.html

[3] 4^th conjugation

Nunc Maria fenestram aperit │ Now Maria is opening the window

LINKS: 4^th conjugation

17.03.24: 4th conjugation; reading

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/170324-4th-conjugation-reading.html

17.03.24: examples of fourth conjugation verbs

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/170324-examples-of-fourth-conjugation.html

26.10.24: Level 1; review; practice in the verbs [9]; 4th conjugation

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/09/261024-level-1-review-practice-in-verbs.html

25.08.25: Level 1; Road to Latin [35]; [i] In peristȳlō [ii] Dē equō ligneō; (4) grammar: 4th conjugation verbs

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/05/250825-level-1-road-to-latin-35-i-in.html

25.08.25: Level 1; Road to Latin [36]; [i] In peristȳlō [ii] Dē equō ligneō; (5) grammar: 4th conjugation verbs; links

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/05/250825-level-1-road-to-latin-36-i-in.html

20.10.25: Level 1; Carolus et Maria: Review Units [6] – [10][i] nouns and adjectives

[a] 2^nd declension nouns in –(e)r

puer: boy

vir: man

ager: field

[b] 1^st / 2^nd declension adjectives in -er

(1) miser, -a, -um: sad

(2)

aeger, aegra, aegrum: ill

impiger, impigra, impigrum: energetic

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: beautiful; handsome

25.05.25: Level 1; readings [12] - [15]: review (2a); 2nd declension nouns in –(e)r; 1st / 2nd declension adjectives in -er

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/03/250525-level-1-readings-12-15-review-2a.html

25.05.25: Level 1; readings [12] - [15]: review (2b); 2nd declension nouns in –(e)r; 1st / 2nd declension adjectives in -er; reading

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/03/250525-level-1-readings-12-15-review-2b.html

15.07.25: the Bayeux tapestry [4]: the grand perfect passive finale …

[30] HIC CECIDERVNT LEVVINE ET GYRÐ FRATRES HAROLDI REGIS

Hīc ¦ cecidērunt ¦ Lewīne et Gyrð (Gyrth) ¦ frātrēs ¦ Haroldī Rēgis

Here ¦ fell ¦ Lewine and Gyrth ¦ the brothers ¦ of King Harold

cadō, -ere, cecidī [3]: fall

Ð (ð) = Old English /th/ [/θ/]

[31] HIC CECIDERVNT SIMVL ANGLI ET FRANCI IN PR[O]ELIO

Hīc cecidērunt simul Anglī et Francī in proeliō

Here Angles and Franks have fallen together [at the same time] in battle.

francus, -a, -um: (Late) Frankish; pertaining to the Franks; (Med) pertaining to the French; a Frenchman

[32] HIC ODO EP[ISCOPU]S BACVLV[M] TENENS CONFORTAT PVEROS

I quite like the positioning of half the verb confor above the soldier’s head and the rest of the phrase below the horse (tat puerōs)! I wonder if the needleworker forgot it and just shoved it in anywhere!

Hīc ¦ Odo Epīscopus ¦ baculu(m) tenēns [present active participle] ¦ cōnfortat puerōs

Here ¦ Bishop Odo ¦ holding a club ¦ strengthens [ = gives strength to] the boys = encourages the younger soldiers

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odo_of_Bayeux

[33] HIC FRANCI PVGNANT ET CECIDERVNT QVI ERANT CVM HAROLDO

Hīc Francī pugnant ¦ et (2) cecidērunt ¦ (1) quī erant cum Haroldō

Here the Franks are fighting ¦ and (1) (those) who were with Harold (2) have fallen

[34] HIC HAROLD REX INTERFECTVS EST

Hīc ¦ Harold Rēx ¦ interfectus est [perfect passive]

Here ¦ King Harold ¦ was killed

interficiō, -ere, interfēcī, interfectus [3-iō]: kill; slay

[35] ET FVGA VERTERVNT ANGLI

fugā ¦ vertērunt Anglī │ and the Angles have turned ¦ in flight

vertō, -ere, vertī [3]: turn (around)

14.07.25: the Bayeux tapestry [3]

[20] – [23]

HIC TRAHVNT(UR) NAVES AD MARE

Hīc ¦ trahuntur nāvēs ¦ ad mare

Here ¦ ships are being dragged ¦ to the sea

Blink and you’ll miss it (Wikipedia did)! There is a mark above trahunt to indicate missing letters, in this case -ur i.e. the verb is passive

ISTI PORTANT ARMAS* AD NAVES ET HIC TRAHVNT CARRVM CVM VINO ET ARMIS

Istī ¦ portant *armās* [ = arma] ¦ ad nāvēs ¦ et hīc ¦ trahunt carrum ¦ cum vīnō et armīs

These (men) are carrying arms ¦ to the ships ¦ and here ¦ they are a pulling a cart ¦ (loaded) with wine and weapons.

*armās*: cannot (surely?) be correct; the noun is neuter plural i.e. arma, but there’s no point in trying to be perfectionists – how many errors are there on Facebook every day?

HIC WILLELM[US] DVX IN MAGNO NAVIGIO MARE TRANSIVIT ET VENIT AD PEVENESÆ

Hīc Willelmus dux ¦ in magnō nāvigiō ¦ trānsīvit et vēnit ad Pevenesae

Here Duke William ¦ in a large ship ¦ crossed the sea ¦ and came to Pevensey

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevensey

HIC EXEUNT CABALLI DE NAVIBUS

Hīc ¦ exeunt caballī ¦ dē nāvibus

Here ¦ the horses go out ¦ from the ships

exeō, exīre, exiī / exīvī: go out

caballus, -ī [2/m]: horse; Classical Latin used equus, -ī [2/m] although caballus is attested in poetry. By the Late Latin period, however, caballus is more commonly used; Fr: cheval; Sp: caballo

[24] – [26] 

HIC COQVITUR CARO ET HIC MINISTRAVERVNT MINISTRI

Hīc coquitur carō ¦ et hīc ministrāvērunt ministrī

Here meat is being cooked ¦ and here the servants have served (it).

minister, ministrī [2/m]: although the Modern English minister refers to a religious or political office, the original meaning is “servant”, “attendant”, “waiter”

HIC FECERVN[T] PRANDIVM

Hīc fēcērunt ¦ prandium │ Here they have made ¦ dinner

ET HIC EPISCOPVS CIBV[M] ET POTV[M] BENEDICIT

Et hīc epīscopus cibum et pōtum ¦ benedīcit

And here the bishop ¦ blesses ¦ the food and drink

benedīcō, -ere, benedīxī [3]: (Classical) to speak well (of somebody); (Late / Ecclesiastical) to bless

[27] HIC NVNTIATVM EST WILLELM[O] DE HAROLD[O]

Hīc ¦ nūntiātum est ¦ Willelmō ¦ dē Haroldō

Here ¦ it was announced / reported [ = a report was made] ¦ to William ¦ about Harold

nūntiō, -āre, -āvī, nūntiātus [4]: announce; report

[28] HIC DOMVS INCENDITVR

Hīc domus incenditur │ Here a house is being burnt

[29] HIC MILITES EXIERVNT DE HESTENGA ET VENERVNT AD PR[O]ELIVM CONTRA HAROLDVM REGE[M]

Hīc mīlitēs exiērunt ¦ dē Hestengā ¦ et vēnērunt ad pr[o]elium ¦ contrā Haroldum rēge[m]

Here the soldiers have left / gone out ¦ from Hastings, ¦ and entered into / come to battle ¦ against Harold

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings

13.07.25: the Bayeux tapestry [2]

[11] HIC VVILLELM[US] DEDIT HAROLDO ARMA

Hīc ¦ Willelmus ¦ dedit ¦ Haroldō arma

Here ¦ William ¦ gave ¦ arms to Harold

[12] / [13] HIE* VVILLELM[US] VENIT BAGIAS / VBI HAROLD SACRAMENTVM FECIT VVILLELMO DUCI

*Hie: an odd mistake given that it had been sewn so many times before! The tapestry was certainly created by a group of needleworkers. It should be hīc (here).

Hīc ¦ Willelmus ¦ vēnit ¦ Bagias / Ubi ¦ Harold sacrāmentum fēcit ¦ Willelmō dūcī

Here ¦ William ¦ came ¦ to Bayeux / Where Harold made an oath ¦ to Duke William

There is some discussion as to the use of Bagias for Bayeux; that the text is saying ‘to Bayeux’ would suggest it is an accusative (used without prepositions to indicate ‘to’ a named town / city e.g. Rōmam │ to Rome). That would make the name Bagiae ( > Bagiās: to Bayeux). Some notes on it here (p126, p135), a lengthy book but very detailed:

https://ia801609.us.archive.org/7/items/bayeuxtapestry00fowk/bayeuxtapestry00fowk.pdf

Also:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayeux

Both links discuss the origin of the name.

[14] They know their deponent verbs …

HIC HAROLD DVX REVERSVS EST AD ANGLICAM TERRAM

Hīc Harold dux reversus est ad Anglicam terram

Here Duke Harold has returned to English territory

revertor, revertī, reversus sum: return

[15] … and the passive verbs …

HIC PORTATUR CORPVS EADWARDI REGIS AD ECCLESIAM S[AN]C[T]I PETRI AP[OSTO]LI

Hīc portātur corpus Eadwardī rēgis ad ecclēsiam Sānctī Petrī Apostolī

Here the body of King Edward is being carried to the church of St. Peter the Apostle

[16] / [17] HIC EADVVARDVS REX IN LECTO ALLOQVIT[UR] FIDELES / ET HIC DEFVNCTVS EST

Hīc Eadwardus rēx in lectō alloquitur fidēlēs / Et hīc dēfūnctus est

Here Edward in bed speaks to / addresses his faithful (followers) / And here he has died

alloquor (adloquor), alloquī, allocutus sum [3/deponent]: address

dēfungor, dēfungī, dēfunctus sum [3/deponent]: (here) die

Interesting to note the different ways in which the name Edward is sewn, suggesting different needleworkers: [15] CORPVS EADWARDI (Vs intertwined) [16] HIC EDVVARDVS (VV); the early beginnings of the separate W

[18] ISTI MIRANT[UR] STELLA[M]

Istī ¦ mīrantur ¦ stēllam

These (people / men)¦ marvel at ¦ the star

In Classical Latin iste, ista, istud (that [one / man / woman]; pl: those [people]) was often used negatively. However, that pejorative sense was gradually lost and it was used no differently from the other demonstratives ille and hic. Latin iste = Spanish este (this).

mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum [1/deponent]: wonder / marvel at; admire

The ‘star’ being referred to is generally identified as Halley’s Comet:

https://www.nasa.gov/history/955-years-ago-halleys-comet-and-the-battle-of-hastings/

[19] HIC WILLELM[US] DVX IVSSIT NAVES [A]EDIFICARE

Hīc ¦ Willelmus dux ¦ iussit ¦ nāvēs aedificāre

Here ¦ Duke William ¦ has given the order ¦ to build ships

iubeō, -ēre, iussī [2]: order; command

Note the writing of the Latin diphthong /ae/ as /e/ i.e. aedificare > edificare; this is reflecting a pronunciation change evident in the Mediaeval manuscripts where /ae/ is commonly written as /e/

12.07.25: the Bayeux tapestry [1]

https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2025/jul/08/bayeux-tapestry-to-return-to-britain-for-first-time-in-900-years

It’s taken 900 years because the French are far too smart to lend anything to the British Museum! It’s yet another Starmer-Macron deal (probably more successful than any other deal they’ll do). Given the British habit of “borrowing” things e.g. parts of the Parthenon, mummies, Graeco-Roman statues and, well, sort of keeping them, the French are holding the British to ransom by taking the Sutton Hoo Treasure in return: a sensible move.

70 metres in length, the tapestry depicts the Norman invasion of 1066 and the Battle of Hastings. The language of the tapestry is Latin. I’ve picked out some of the titles which illustrate a number of points in the language; it is not the entire text. All of the features highlighted have been covered in the group and so this is a useful way of reading some Latin in context.

Note abbreviated forms marked in [brackets], especially noun endings; this is a common feature of written Latin at this period and continues through Mediaeval Latin writing; it is particularly noticeable with endings in -m e.g. -a(m) and -u(m) since, by this point, either the /m/ was nasalised or simply not pronounced; V = u; VV = w; the colon : is marking a space between words or phrases (shown only in the first extract)

[1] VBI : HAROLD DVX : ANGLORUM : ET SVI MILITES : EQVITANT : AD BOSHAM : ECCLESIA[M]

Ubi Harold ¦ dux Anglōrum ¦ et suī mīlitēs ¦ equitant ¦ ad Bosham ecclēsiam

Where Harold ¦ a leader of the English ¦ and his (own) soldiers ¦ ride ¦ to Bosham church

mīles, mīlitis [3/m]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson

[2] HIC HAROLD MARE NAVIGAVIT

Hīc ¦ Harold ¦ mare nāvigāvit

Here ¦ Harold ¦ sailed the sea

[3] ET VELIS VENTO PLENIS VENIT IN TERRĀ(M) VVIDONIS COMITIS

Et [(1) vēlīs ¦ (2) ventō ¦ (1) plēnīs] ¦ vēnit ¦ in terram ¦ Widōnis comitis

And (1) with sails (1) filled ¦ (2) with wind ¦ he came ¦ into the land ¦ of Count Wido*

comes, comitis [3/m]: (here) count; earl

* Guy I of Ponthieu

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_I,_Count_of_Ponthieu

[4] / [5] HIC APPREHENDIT VVIDO HAROLDV[M] / ET DVXIT EVM AD BELREM ET IBI EVM TENVIT

In the image note the horizontal stroke through V; that marks an abbreviation, in this case Haroldu(m)

Hīc ¦ apprehendit Wido Haroldum / et dūxit eum ¦ ad Belrem ¦ et ibi eum tenuit

Here ¦ Wido (Guy) seized Harold / and led him ¦ to Beaurain ¦ and held him there

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaurainville

[6] VBI NVNTII VVILLELMI DUCIS VENERVNT AD VVIDONĒ[M]

Again, note the line above the /e/ to indicate the absence of the ending: AD VVIDONĒ; it is not a macron indicating a long vowel but a common means of abbreviation. Depending upon individual writing style, it can look like a straight line or the equivalent of the Spanish tilde (˜)

Ubi ¦ nūntiī Willelmī ducis ¦ vēnērunt ¦ ad Widōnem.

Where ¦ the messengers of Duke William ¦ came ¦ to Wido (Guy)

dux, ducis [3/m]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror

[7] HIC DVX VVILGELM[US] CVM HAROLDO VENIT AD PALATIṼ[M] SVṼ[M]

Hīc ¦ Dux Wilgelmus ¦ cum Haroldō ¦ vēnit ¦ ad palātium suum

Here ¦ Duke William ¦ has come ¦ with Harold ¦ to his (own) palace

[8] – [10]

HIC VVILLEM[US] DVX ET EXERCITVS EIVS VENERVNT AD MONTE[M] MICHAELIS

Hīc Willēmus Dux ¦ et exercitus eius ¦ vēnērunt ¦ ad montem Michaēlis

Here Duke William ¦ and his army ¦ have come ¦ to Mont [the mountain] Saint Michel

mōns, montis [3/m]

ET HIC TRANSIERVNT FLVMEN COSNONIS

Et hīc ¦ trānsiērunt ¦ flūmen Cosnōnis

and here ¦ they have crossed ¦ the river Couesnon

trānseō, -īre, -iī

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couesnon

ET HIC HAROLD DVX TRAHEBAT EOS DE ARENA

Et hīc ¦ Harold dux ¦ trahēbat* ¦ eōs ¦ dē arēnā

And here ¦ Duke Harold ¦ dragged (was dragging / started dragging) ¦ them ¦ from the sand

* a good example of the use of the imperfect tense; all the other past tense verbs are in the perfect to denote single ‘one-off’ actions which is the most common tense in any account of past events:

apprehendit Wido Haroldum │ Guy seized Harold

et dūxit eum ad Belrem │ and led him to Beaurain

mare nāvigāvit │ he (has) sailed the sea

et ibi eum tenuit │ and held him there

cum Haroldō vēnit│ (he) came / has come with Harold

trānsiērunt flūmen │ they crossed the river

vēnērunt ad montem Michaēlis │ they came to Mont Saint Michel

The imperfect tense, on the other hand, implies, for example, an action that continued over a period of time, or was repeated, usually with no sense of beginning or end:

Harold … trahēbat … eōs dē arēnā │ Harold was dragging them from the sand i.e. he didn’t drag them all at once!

19.10.25: Level 3; ferō and its compounds [2]

Compounds of ferō can convey specific forms of physical action. Below are some examples; note the changes in the spelling of the prefix in the principal parts: 

ab [away] + ferō > auferō, auferre, abstuli, ablātus: take away; remove

ad [towards] + ferō > afferō (or adferō), afferre, attulī, allātus: bring / carry something to a place

circum [around] + ferō > circumferō, circumferre, circumtulī, circumlātus: bring / carry around

con- [together] (from cum) + ferō > cōnferō, cōnferre, contulī, collātus: bring / collect together; gather

ex [out of] + ferō > efferō, efferre, extulī, ēlātus: bring / carry out

in [into] + ferō > īnferō, īnferre, intulī, illātus: bring / carry in

ob [towards] + ferō > offerō, offerre, obtulī, oblātus: bring before; present

prae [in front] + ferō > praeferō, praeferre, praetulī, praelātus: bring / carry in front

trāns [across] + ferō > trānsferō, trānsferre, trānstulī, trānslātus: bring / carry across

From the authors:

[1]

Et tunicam parvam faciēbat eī māter sua quam adferēbat statūtīs diēbus (Vulgate) │ And his would make him a little robe which she used to bring to him every year [i.e. on the appointed days]

multa palam domum suam auferēbat (Cicero) │ he carried many things openly off to his own house.

noctū ligna contulērunt circā casam eam (Nepos) │  at night they gathered logs together around his house

dextrā laevāque ad circumstantia agmina oculōs manūsque circumferēns (Quintus Curtius) │ and turning his eyes [i.e. he is “carrying” his eyes around] and stretching out his hands right and left to the troops who stood about him

satiātīs vīnō cibōque pōculum idem quod mihi datum fuerit circumferētur (Livy) │ When you have taken your fill of food and wine, the same goblet that is handed to me will be passed round to you.

ibi iterum Scīpiō lectīculā in aciem illātus cōnflīxit (Caesar) │ There Scipio again engaged (in combat), (having been) carried into the battle-line in a litter

Cum mihi sē … obtulit (Virgil) │ When she presented herself to me …

incitātō equō sē hostibus obtulit atque interfectus est (Caesar) │ after he had spurred on his horse, he threw himself upon the enemy, and was killed

sinistrā manū retinēbat arcum, dextrā ārdentem facem praeferēbat (Cicero) │ in her left hand she carried her bow, her right hand held a burning torch; the verb conveys the idea of holding the torch out in front of the body

relictō praetōre signa ad Curium trānsferunt atque ad eum trānseunt (Caesar) │ the praetor having been deserted, they carry (carried) their colours (across) to Curius and go over (went over) to him

[2] Examples with the passive infinitive ferrī:

impedīmenta sarcināsque in ūnum locum cōnferrī … iussit (Caesar) │ he ordered that the baggage should be brought together [ = the baggage to be brought together; passive infintive] into one place

Clāvem mī harunc aedium Lacōnicam iam iubē efferrī intus (Plautus) │ Order the master-key of the house to be brought me at once from within

[3] This example from Virgil shows that compounds of ferō do not necessarily convey something physical, but figurative:

“Ille meōs, prīmus quī mē sibi iūnxit, amōrēs abstulit │ “That man, who first joined himself to me, he has taken away all my love

Compare:

Abī atque obsōnium adfer (Plautus) │ Go and bring some provisions (here).

Thespriō, exī istāc per hortum, adfer domum auxilium mihi (Plautus) │ Thesprio, come this way through the garden. Come to my rescue at home! [literally: bring help home to me]

The next posts will look at the figurative uses of these, and other compounds of ferō.

19.10.25: Level 3; ferō and its compounds [1]

[i] The most common meaning of ferō is ‘carry’ or ‘bear’ something.

[ii] It is a 3^rd conjugation verb, the only ‘irregularity’ in the present tense being the omission of -i- in the 2^nd and 3^rd person singular, and the 2^nd person plural:

ferō

fers

fert

ferimus

fertis

ferunt

[iii]

infinitive: ferre (i.e. the -e- of the 3^rd conjugation infinitive is omitted)

imperative: fer (singular); ferte (plural)

[iv] The imperfect and future tenses are completely regular:

Imperfect

ferēbam, ferēbās, ferēbat, ferēbāmus, ferēbātis, ferēbant

Future

feram, ferēs, feret, ferēmus, ferētis, ferent

[v] However, going beyond this, we find that ferō, ferre is a rare example of a suppletive verb. This refers here to a verb, certain forms of which are from a completely different verb. The most notable example of this in English is the verb ‘go’:

I go / am going / have (had) gone / will go: all of these are from Old English gān (go)

But: I went; even though Old English had a past tense for the verb gān i.e. iċ ēode, this was replaced by the past tense of a completely different verb: OE wendan (to depart; go; change) i.e. iċ wende > Modern English: I went.

The verb ferō has undergone a similar change taking its perfect stem and its perfect passive participle from the verb tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātus [3]: remove; take away

Perfect stem: tulī

Pefect passive participle: lātus

Therefore, the four principal parts are: ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus

Perfect: tulī, tulistī, tulit, tulimus, tulistis, tulērunt

Pluperfect: tuleram, tulerās, tulerat, tulerāmus, tulerātis, tulerant

Future perfect: tulerō, tuleris, tulerit, tulerimus, tuleritis, tulerint

Exercise

As way of introduction to this verb, complete the Latin sentences with the appropriate present tense of ferō. However, look at the English translations and note the different meanings that this verb can have.

1. The slave is carrying food. │ Servus cibum __________
2. The slaves carry an amphora. │ Servī amphoram __________
3. The road leads to the estate. │ Via ad vīllam __________
4. I bring help to you. │ Ego tibi auxilium __________
5. The Roman troops bear arms. │ Cōpiae Rōmānae arma __________    
6. We gain a victory; win a battle. │ Victōriam __________
7. You (pl) endure / suffer many wrongdoings. │ Multās iniūriās __________     
8. What are you (sg) carrying in the cart? │ Quid in plaustrō __________?

19.10.25: Level 3; Spartan boys: the contempt of pain

Puerī Spartānī nōn gemunt flagellīs lacerātī. Adolēscentēs Spartae dēcertant manibus, pedibus, unguibus, dentibus, dēnique, māluntque interficī quam vincī. Puer etiam Spartānus dīcitur in sinū vestis vulpem cēlāsse, et bēstiae dentibus necātus esse, nec gemitum ēdidisse: praeclārum enim apud Spartānōs habēbātur aliquid clam abstrahere; dēprehendī vērō, turpissimum.

abstrahō, -ere, abstrāxī, abstractus [3]: drag / draw / pull away; carry off; (here) steal

clam: secretly

dēcertō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: fight (to the finish); contend; dispute

ēdō, ēdere, ēdidī, ēditus [3]: bring forth; produce; not edō [with short /e/], edere (or ēsse), ēdī, ēsus [3]: eat 

flagellum, -ī [2/n]: whip

gemitus, -ūs [4]: groan; sigh; sorrow

gemō, -ere, -uī [3]: groan

lacerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [2]: tear to pieces

sinus, -ūs [4/m]: fold; bosom

Notes:

[i]

The verb mālō, mālle (prefer) is often used in comparison between two verbs expressed as infinitives i.e. I prefer to do / doing X (rather) than to do / doing (Y):

māluntque (1) interficī quam (2) vincī │and they prefer (1) to be killed (rather) than (2) to be conquered

[ii]

Puer etiam Spartānus dīcitur … (i) cēlāsse, et … (ii) necātus esse, nec … (iii) ēdidisse

A Spartan boy is even said … (i) to have hidden, and (ii) to have been killed … and not (iii) to have uttered…

Two types of infinitive being used here:

[1] necātus esse; perfect passive infinitive [perfect passive participle + esse] =  to have been killed

[2] cēlasse; ēdidisse: perfect active infinitive = to have done something; look out for –(i)sse

3^rd principal part: ēdid¦ī > ēdid¦isse; perfect active infinitive: to have uttered

3^rd principal part: cēlāv¦ī > cēlāv¦isse; perfect active infinitive: to have hidden

In the text cēlāsse is an example of a syncopated verb form i.e. where certain sounds are omitted (which is common in the literature) and this often applies to past tense forms with -vi-; therefore: cēlā(vi)sse

In paenīnsulā Cimbricā rēvērā habitāvisse (or habitāsse) affirmantur │ They are claimed in fact to have lived on the Cimbrian peninsula.

The link gives further information on point [2] here:

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/05/020925-level-3-sonnenschein-pro-patria.html

____________________

Spartan boys do not groan when / having been torn with whips. At Sparta youths fight with their fists, feet, nails, even with their teeth, and prefer being killed to being conquered. A Spartan boy is even said to have hidden a fox in the fold / bosom of his garment, and to have been killed by the teeth of the beast, without uttering [literally: and not to have uttered] a murmur: for to steal anything without being caught [literally: carry off secretly] was held / considered to be glorious among the Spartans; but to be caught (was considered) most disgraceful.

18.10.25: Level 2; Reading (review): [24] [i] Some hope remained [ii] accusation of imperialism [2] links: passive voice; imperfect and future tenses

LINKS

[i] the passive voice; imperfect tense

28.12.24: Level 2; the passive voice [12]; imperfect tense passive [1]; 3rd person singular and plural

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/10/261224-level-2-passive-voice-10.html

30.12.24: Level 2; the passive voice [13]; imperfect tense passive [2]; all forms [1]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/10/301224-level-2-passive-voice-12.html

01.01.25: Level 2; the passive voice [14]; imperfect tense passive [3]; all forms [2]; translation practice

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/10/010125-level-2-passive-voice-13.html

[ii] the passive voice; future tense

03.01.25: Level 2; the passive voice [15]; future passive [1]; 1st and 2nd conjugation [1]; forms

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/10/030125-level-2-passive-voice-15-future.html

05.01.25: Level 2; the passive voice [16]; future passive [2]; 1st and 2nd conjugation [2]; translation practice

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/10/050125-level-2-passive-voice-16-future.html

Level 2; the passive voice [17]; future passive [3]; 3rd, 3-iō, 4th conjugation [1]; forms

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/10/level-2-passive-voice-17-future-passive.html

09.01.25: Level 2; the passive voice [18]; future passive [4]; 3rd, 3-iō, 4th conjugation [2]; translation practice

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/10/090125-level-2-passive-voice-18-future.html