11.01.26: Comenius CV; Geometry; vocabulary [6] shapes (3)

Out of these arise an oval, a triangle, a quadrangle, and other figures. │ Ex hīs oriuntur cylindrus*, trigōnus, tetragōnus, & aliæ figūræ.

[i]

trigōnus, -a, -um; triangulus, -a, -um; triquetrus, -a, -um: triangular

trigōnum, -ī [2/n];  triangulum, -ī [2/n]: a triangle

[ii]

quadrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: make (something) square

quadrātum, -ī [2/n]: a square i.e. a noun derived from the adjective: quadrātus, -a, -um: square (shape)

cubus, -ī [2/m]: a cube

[iii] tetragōnus, -a, -um (not attested in CL): having four sides < Anc. Gk. τετρα- [tetra-] < τέτταρες [téttares, “four”] + γωνία [gōnía, “corner, angle”]

[iv]

oblongus, -a, -um: [i] rather long; [ii] oblong

rēctangulus, -a, -um: (Late Latin) rectangular

rēctangulum, -ī [2/n]: (Mediaeval; geometry) rectangle

*[v] Comenius’ use of cylindrus to refer to an ‘oval’ is odd; #13 in the image clearly shows it, but cylindrus meaning ‘oval’ is not attested anywhere:

cylindrus, -ī [2/m] a cylinder; in Ancient Rome it specifically referred to a cylindrical stone used for levelling the ground

https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=cylindrus-harpers

ōvātus, -a, -um: egg-shaped; oval (attested in Pliny)

ōvālis, -e: a further adjective referring to an egg (ōvum, -ī [2/n]) in Classical Latin, but was not used to describe shape; in Mediaeval Latin, however, it does have that meaning: egg-shaped i.e. oval. The image gives the adjective rather than a noun.

____________________

Quotations

[i] quid iūdicant sēnsūs? dulce amārum, leve asperum, prope longē, stāre movēre, quadrātum rotundum (Cicero) │ What do the senses judge? Sweetness, sourness, smoothness, roughness, proximity, distance; whether an object is stationary or moving, square or round

[ii] quadrāta amplius spatium complectuntur triangulīs (Quintillian) │ Squares contain more space than triangles

[iii] … hae septem stēllae "triōnēs" appellātae sint, quia ita sunt sitae, ut ternae stēllae proximae quaeque inter sēsē faciant "trigōna", id est triquetrās figūrās (Gellius) │ (Varro added that …) these seven stars were called “triones” rather for the reason that they are so situated that every group of three neighbouring stars form triangles, that is to say, three-sided figures."

[iv] Intuentibus enim nōbīs in illud ita propemodum rēs erat, ut fōrma esse triquetra vidērētur (Gellius) │ For as we were looking at that (constellation), the situation was almost such that it appeared to be a triangular shape.

[v] fōrmam tōtīus Britanniae Līvius veterum, Fabius Rūsticus recentium ēloquentissimī auctōrēs oblongae scutulae vel bipennī adsimulāvēre (Tacitus) │ The form of the whole of Britannia Livy and Fabius Rusticus, the most graphic among ancient and modern historians, have likened to an oblong shield or battle-axe.

[vi] Cybus [= cubus] autem est corpus ex lateribus aequālī lātitūdine plānitiārum perquadrātum (Vitruvius) │ A cube is a body with sides all of equal breadth and their surfaces perfectly square

• latus, lateris [3/n]: side

11.01.26: Comenius CV; Geometry; vocabulary [5] shapes (2); describing the world

[i] nec dēfuēre geōmetrae quī interpretārentur, significāre epistulam ā mediō terrārum orbe missam, quod deorsum ab summō longissimum esset spatium et īdem pilae medium (Pliny the Elder)

Nor were there any lack of geometricians who would interpret it, to signify that the letter was sent from the middle of the earth's globe, because the longest distance from the top downwards was the same as the middle of the sphere.

[ii] Fōrmam eius in speciem orbis absolūtī globātam esse nōmen in prīmīs et cōnsēnsūs in eō mortālium orbem appellantium (Pliny the Elder)│ That its form is rounded into the appearance of an absolute globe is first and foremost the name and the consensus of mortals who call it a globe

[iii] gentibus est aliīs tellūs data līmite certō: / Rōmānae spatium est urbis et orbis īdem (Ovid) │ To other nations, land has been allotted with a certain limit / The extent of the Roman city and of the world is the same.

[iv] cuius cōnsēnsuī nē orbis quidem terrārum possit obsistere (Caesar) │ the union of which not even the whole world could withstand

• orbis, -is [3/m]: [i] ring, circle; [ii] globe, sphere, the latter often expressed as orbis terrārum [literally: the sphere / circle of lands]
• pila, -ae [1/f]: [i] ball; [ii] globe, sphere
• spatium, -ī [2/n]: space, room, extent, distance [between points], period of time
• speciēs, -ēī [5/f]: (here) appearance; general outline or shape

in speciem orbis absolūtī globātam │ rounded in(to) the form of an absolute globe

Pliny the Elder referring to comets …

in speciem barbae longae promittitur iuba │ The mane is extended into the appearance of a long beard

Spatium duōrum pūnctōrum P et Q in sphaerā.

By platypeanArchcow - Own work based on File:Illustration of great-circle distance.svg by CheCheDaWaff, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=122327522

Spatium temporis quod hōrologiō significātur.

10.01.26: Level 1; 3rd declension adjectives [iii] 1 termination; 3 terminations; stem changes

[i] a 1 termination adjective only has one ending in the nominative singular for masculine, feminine and neuter e.g. audāx: bold; ingēns: huge

[ii] a 3 termination adjective has three endings in the nominative singular i.e. a separate ending for each gender e.g. celer (m), celeris (f), celere (n): fast; ācer, acris, acre: bitter

[iii] One and three termination adjectives are far fewer in number than two termination.

[iv] Image #1: All 3^rd declension adjectives – regardless of the number of terminations in the nominative singular – are declined in the same way. The image shows the three different terminations. Whatever the nominative neuter singular is, it will be the same in the accusative singular.

[iii] Images #2 and #3: some 3^rd declension adjectives, like 3^rd declension nouns, can undergo a change in the stem. That stem is listed as the genitive singular of the adjective; it is to that stem which, apart from the nominative singular and the neuter accusative singular, all the other endings are added.

audāx, audācis: bold; the stem is formed by removing the genitive singular ending

audāc¦is > audāc-

ingēns, ingentis: huge

ingent¦is > ingent-

Note: the small change with adjectives which have a nominative in -āns / -ēns; when the stem is added, the /a/ and /e/ are shortened i.e. ingēns > ingentis

LINKS

Summary of 3^rd declension adjectives

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/430876419523632/

or

https://mega.nz/file/7EFwQRbb#ZNryGxwHksaaa6ki4MFamvTuskNzGlL7BTBrg-eakFI

Link to all posts on the 3^rd declension of adjectives

https://mega.nz/file/OJFiyYRD#xolJEigSQAzZBOaWllJnxAQccjwl7D9-9Y0xoI17iSA

09.01.26: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [8]; practice [i]

Complete the Latin sentences with the words listed below. For each sentence there are three parts shown in sentence [1] below as an example: [i] the verb which introduced the indirect statement, [ii] the subject of the indirect statement which is in the accusative case, and [iii] the verb of the indirect statement which is either a present active or present passive infinitive.

[A]

[1] [i] I rejoice ¦ that [ii] you [iii] arrive safely │[i] _____ [ii] _____ salvum [iii] _____

[2] I wonder that you write me nothing │ _____ _____ ad mē nihil _____

[3] Thales said that water was the first principle of the universe│ Thalēs _____ _____ _____ initium rērum

[4] He told me you were in Italy and he was sending some men to you │ _____ enim mihi _____ _____ in Ītaliā _____que ad tē puerōs _____

[5] This slave says that his master is being handed over to the soldiers │ Hic  servus  _____  _____  suum mīlitibus  _____

[6] The Gauls saw that Caesar was approaching with a big army │ Gallī  _____  _____  cum  exercitū  magnō  _____

[7] The boys were shouting that a huge dog was entering the garden. │ Puerī  _____  _____ ingentem  in  hortum _____

[8] The general hopes that the army is fighting well │ Dux  _____ _____  bene  _____

[9] Cicero felt that the republic was being destroyed │ Cicerō _____ _____ _____.

[10] He says that the mountain is (being) held by the enemy │ _____ _____ ab hostibus _____.

[i] clāmābant; dīcit; dīcit; dīxit; dīxit; gaudeō; mīror; sensit; spērat; vīdērunt

[ii] aquam; Caesarem; canem; dominum; exercitum; montem; rem publicam; sēsē; tē; tē; tē

[iii] advenīre; appropinquāre; dēlēri; esse; esse; intrāre; mittere; pugnāre; scrībere; tenērī; trādī

[A]

[1] Gaudeō tē salvum advenīre

[2] Mīror tē ad mē nihil scrībere

[3] Thalēs dīxit aquam esse initium rērum 

[4] Dīxit enim mihi tē esse in Ītaliā sēsēque ad tē puerōs mittere

[5] Hic  servus  dīcit  dominum  suum  mīlitibus  trādī.

[6] Gallī  vīdērunt  Caesarem  cum  exercitū  magnō  appropinquāre.

[7] Puerī  clāmābant  canem  ingentem  in  hortum  intrāre.

[8] Dux  spērat  exercitum  bene  pugnāre.

[9] Cicerō sensit rem publicam dēlēri.

[10] Dīcit montem ab hostibus tenerī.

[B]

[1] We read the we live on the Earth │ _____ _____ in tellūre _____

[2] I have read …│_____ …

[a] … that the sun does not seem flat │… _____ nōn plānum _____

[b] … that it seems spherical │ … _____ _____ _____

[c] … that it is also called a sphere │… _____ quoque globum _____

He has read … │ _____ …

[a] … that the Earth and the moon are large │ … terram et lūnam _____ _____

[b] … that they are large spheres │ … _____ globōs _____ _____

[c] … that that light is called the Moon │ … id lūmen lūnam _____

[d] … that it seems spherical │ … _____ _____ _____

dīcī; eam; eās; esse; esse; eum; eum; globōsam; globōsum; habitāre; lēgī; legimus; lēgit; magnās; magnōs; nōs; sōlem; vidērī; vidērī; vidērī; vocārī

[B]

[1] Legimus nōs in tellūre habitāre

[2] Lēgī …

[a] … sōlem nōn plānum vidērī

[b] … eum globōsum vidērī 

[c] … eum quoque globum vocārī

[3] Lēgit …

[a] … terram et lūnam magnās esse

[b] … eās globōs esse magnōs

[c] … id lūmen lūnam dīcī

[d] … eam globōsam vidērī

09.01.26: Level 3; language review; Labours of Hercules [6] The Stymphalian birds; [7] The Cretan Bull

[6] The Stymphalian Birds

Vīvēbant ōlim in lacū ad Stymphālum in Arcadiā avēs pedibus et rōstrīs et pennīs aēneīs: ūtēbantur autem pennīs suīs prō sagittīs, et carne hominum vescēbantur. Avēs adortus Herculēs, sīstrō aēneō exterruit, tum fūgēre cōnantēs sagittīs interfēcit.

sīstrum, -ī [2/n]: sistrum; a kind of rattle used by the ancient Egyptians in the mystical worship of Isis (see image)

https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=sistrum-harpers

https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=sistrum-cn

[7] The Cretan bull

Bovem mīrae magnitūdinis et eximiae fōrmae ē marī ēmīsit Poseidōn. Hunc sacrificāre Mīnōs, Crētae rēx, iussus erat; captus autem bovis speciē, alium eius vice sacrificāvit. Poseidōn vērō īrātus, bovem in furōrem ēgit. Tum bōs per tōtam īnsulam magnam hominum strāgem ēdēbat, et opera agrestia corrumpēbat. Hunc tandem captum Herculēs ad Eurysthēum portāvit.

strāgēs, -is [3/f]: overthrow; confusion; slaughter

vice [+ genitive]: in place (of); alium eius vice sacrificāvit │ he sacrificed another in its place │ in place of it; Engl. deriv. Vice President

Notes

[i] ēdēbat [with long /ē/] < ēdō, -ere, ēdidī, ēditus [3]: produce, cause, inflict i.e. not edō, -ere, ēdī, ēsus [3]: eat

[ii] Bovem mīrae magnitūdinis et eximiae fōrmae ē marī ēmīsit Poseidōn │ Poseidon sent out from the sea a bull of wonderful size and (0f) remarkable beauty; genitive of description

17.11.25: Level 3; [i] Anaxagoras [ii] Lysander at Sardis; ablative of respect / specification; genitive / ablative of description

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/08/171125-level-3-i-anaxagoras-ii-lysander.html

The genitive and ablative of description can be interchangeable although, as a rule of thumb, the ablative tends to be used more with specific physical descriptions e.g. from Plautus:

Quā faciē voster Saurea est? │ What does your Saurea look like? [ = of what appearance …]

Macilentīs malīs, rūfulus aliquantum, ventriōsus, truculentīs oculīs, commodā statūrā, trīstī fronte.

Thin jaws — reddish hair — pot-bellied— savage eyes — average height — and a scowl (sad countenance).

[1] From text [6]:

Explain briefly why the ablative is being used in the following phrases; give translations to illustrate your answer

[i]  avēs pedibus et rōstrīs et pennīs aēneīs

[ii]

[a] carne hominum vēscēbantur 

[b]  ūtēbantur autem pennīs suīs …

[iii]  … prō sagittīs

[iv] sīstrō aēneō exterruit, tum fūgēre cōnantēs sagittīs interfēcit 

[2] From either text: find an example of

[i] Present active participle

[ii] Perfect passive participle

[iii] Perfect active participle of a deponent verb

[iv] Pluperfect passive

____________________

[1]

[i]  avēs pedibus et rōstrīs et pennīs aēneīs │ birds with bronze feet, beaks, and feathers; ablative of description

[ii]

[a] carne hominum vēscēbantur  │ they fed on the flesh of humans

[b]  ūtēbantur autem pennīs suīs … │ moreover, they used (made use of) their feathers ...

Certain deponent verbs are regularly followed by the ablative case:

vescor, -ī [3/dep]: to feed (upon)

ūtor, -ī [3/dep]: use (make use of)

17.06.25: Level 3; summary of of the uses of the ablative case [17]: the ablative as object of deponent verbs

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/03/170625-level-3-summary-of-of-uses-of_30.html

[iii]  … prō sagittīs │… as arrows; preposition prō (as; for) + the ablative case

[iv] sīstrō aēneō exterruit, tum fūgēre cōnantēs sagittīs interfēcit  │ He frightened them with (by means of)  a bronze rattle, then killed those trying to flee with arrows; ablative of means / instrument

[2]

[i] Present active participle │ cōnantēs

[ii] Perfect passive participle │ captus; captum

[iii] Perfect active participle of a deponent verb

avēs adortus Herculēs │ Hercules, having attacked the birds; adorior, -īrī, adortus sum [4/dep]: attack

Poseidōn … īrātus │ Poseidon, having grown angry; īrāscor, -ī, īrātus sum [3/dep]: get angry

[iv] Pluperfect passive │ iussus erat

[6] Formerly there lived in a lake near Stymphalus, in Arcadia, birds with feet, beak, and feathers of brass: now, they used their feathers for arrows, and lived on the flesh of human beings. Hercules, having attacked the birds, frightened them thoroughly with a brazen rattle, (and) then slew them with arrows (while) trying to escape.

[7] Poseidon sent out from the sea a bull of wonderful size and remarkable beauty. Minos, king of Crete, had been ordered to sacrifice it; but, being charmed by the beauty of the bull, he sacrificed another in its place. But Poseidon, being angry / having grown angry, drove the bull to madness. Then the bull began to cause  a great slaughter / massacre of men throughout the whole island, and to destroy agricultural works. Hercules at length caught (it and) brought it to Eurystheus.

Flemish tapestry; from the Series The Labours of Hercules; Hercules and the Stymphalian birds; Willem Dermoyen, Brussels; ca 1528

detail of the Mosaic with the Labors of Hercules (Seventh Labour: Cretan Bull), 3rd century AD, found in Llíria (Valencia), National Archaeological Museum of Spain, Madrid

08.01.26: Comenius CV; Geometry; vocabulary [4] shapes (1)

He maketh out the figures of things, with lines, angles, and circles, … │ Dēsignat figūrās rērum līneīs, angulīs, & circulīs

[i] figūra, -ae [1/f]: shape; form; figure

[ii] angulus, -ī [2/m]: [i] angle; [ii] corner (e.g. of the street)

[iii] līnea, -ae [1/f]: line

[iv] circulus, -ī [2/m]: circle; a circular course or orbit

also: circus, -ī [2/m]; less common, but well-known owing to Circus Maximus, the stadium in Rome which, in fact, is not circular but oval!

Circus lacteus: the Milky Way

circulāris, -e: (post-Classical) circular

semicirculus, -ī [2/m]: a semicircle

semicirculus, -a, -um; semicirculātus, -a, -um: semicircular

rotundus, -a, -um: circular; round; spherical

globus, -ī [2/m]: any round object e.g. sphere; globe

globōsus, -a, -um: spherical; round

sphaera, -ae [1/f]: ball; globe; sphere

sphaericus, -a, -um: spherical

____________________

Quotations

[i] relictō exteriōre circulō mūrī (Livy) │ having abandoned the exterior circle of the wall

[ii] (stēllae) … quae globōsae et rotundae … circulōs suōs orbēsque cōnficiunt celeritāte mīrābilī (Cicero) │ (the stars) … which are spherical and round … complete their circles and orbits with remarkable speed.

[iii] habent suam sphaeram stēllae inerrantēs (Cicero) │ The fixed stars have their own sphere

Note: the distinction made between [a] stēllae errantēs: wandering stars, and [b] stēllae inerrantēs: fixed / ‘non-wandering’ stars

[a] The seven classical planets, including the Moon and the Sun, which move independently across the sky. Each was thought to be carried on its own celestial sphere

[b] The stars in the firmament that appear to maintain fixed positions relative to each other. They do not change position relative to one another.

[iv] Descriptions by Celsus of surgical instruments

[1] Megēs* … ferrāmentum fēcit rēctum, in summā parte labrōsum, in īma sēmicirculātum acūtumque │ Meges made a straight blade, with a wide border on its upper part, semicircular and sharp below. (*Meges: name of a Greek surgeon)

• rēctus, -a, -um: straight

[2] Referring to a scoop used for the removal of stones:

Is est ad extrēmus tenuis, in sēmicirculī speciem retūsae lātitūdinis │ This is thin at the end, beaten out into the shape of a semicircle [literally: It is narrow at the ends, in the shape of a semicircle, (and) of a blunted width]

• retundō, -ere, rettudī, retūsus [3]: blunt
• speciēs, -ēī [5/f]: (here) appearance; outline; shape

08.01.26: Comenius CV; Geometry; vocabulary [3] nouns in -antia / -entia

A geometrician measureth … the distance of places │ Geōmetra mētītur … aut distantiam locōrum

distantia, -ae [1/f]: not difficult to work out that it means distance, but it belongs to a group of English derivatives that are regularly formed via Middle English and Old French, and ultimately from Latin.

The Latin suffix -ia is used to form nouns from various roots. In this case, it creates nouns from participles and nouns / adjectives ending in –(ē/ā)ns:

La:  distāns, distantis [genitive]; participle; ‘standing apart’ > distantia, -ae [1/f]

> Old French: distaunce > Middle French: distance > Middle English: dista(u)nce > Modern English: distance

Cutting out the “middle men”, we can see the same pattern of derivation from Latin in:

ignorantia, -ae [1/f]: > Engl. deriv. ignorance

infantia, -ae [1/f] > Engl. deriv. infancy

absentia, -ae [1/f]: > Engl. deriv. absence

differentia, -ae [1/f] > Engl. deriv. difference

existentia, -ae [1/f] > Engl. deriv. existence

licentia, -ae [1/f]: > Engl. deriv. licence

violentia, -ae [1/f] > Engl. deriv. violence

And a useful ‘geometric’ one …

circumfērens, circumferentis (carrying around) > circumferentia, -ae [1/f] (post-Classical) > Engl. deriv. circumference

circumferentia, -ae

07.01.26: Level 1; 3rd declension adjectives [ii] 2 termination

[i] Images #1 and #2: In practice, it is the 2 termination adjectives i.e. like fortis, -e and omnis, -e which are by far the most common; they are usually listed as the nominative masculine / feminine singular, and the neuter singular: fortis, -e

LINKS

23.04.24: 3rd declension adjectives [2]

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/429782492966358/

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/230424-3rd-declension-adjectives-2.html

24.04.24: 3rd declension adjectives [3]; examples of 3rd declension 2 termination adjectives in the different cases: singular

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/430068149604459/

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/240424-3rd-declension-adjectives-3.html

24.04.24: 3rd declension adjectives [4]; examples of 3rd declension 2 termination adjectives in the different cases: plural

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/430068846271056/

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/240424-3rd-declension-adjectives-4.html

24.04.24: 3rd declension adjectives [5]; omnis, -e

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/430072682937339/

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/240424-3rd-declension-adjectives-5.html

06.01.26: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [7]; the present passive infinitive

Apart from the present active infinitive shown in the previous posts, other infinitives come into play when using this construction.

The present passive infinitive was discussed here:

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/10/110125-level-2-passive-voice-19-present.html

1^st conjugation: laudāre │to praise > laudārī │ to be praised

2nd conjugation: monēre │ to warn > monērī │ to be warned

3rd and 3rd-iō conjugation verbs add -ī directly to the stem of the verb:

dūc¦ere │ to lead > dūc¦ī │ to be led

cap¦ere │ to capture > cap¦ī │ to be captured

4th conjugation: audīre │ to hear > audīrī │ to be heard

Examples:

[i] Again, note that, while English shifts the tense, Latin uses the present passive infinitive for both:

Fīliae ā patre amantur. │ The daughters are loved by the father.

[a] > Crēdit ¦ [1] fīliās [2] amārī ā patre.

[literally: He believes [1] the daughters [2] to be loved by the father.]

> He believes ¦ that [1] the daughters [2] are loved by the father.

[b] > Crēdidit ¦ filiās amāri ā patre. 

> He believed ¦ that the daughters were loved by the father.

[ii] Obscūritās nox appellātur. │ The darkness is called the night.

> Intellegimus ¦ [1] obscūritātem noctem [2] appellārī.

[literally: We understand ¦ [1] the darkness [2] to be called the night.]

> We understand ¦ that [1] the darkness [2] is called the night.

[iii] Id lūmen candidum lūna vocātur. │ That shining white light is called the moon.

> Magister dīcit ¦ id lūmen candidum lūnam vocārī. │ The teacher says ¦ that that shining white light is called the moon.

[iv] Terra lūnaque lūmine aliēnō illūminantur. │ The Earth and the moon are illuminated by another light.

> Legimus ¦ terram lūnamque lūmine aliēnō illūminārī. │ We read ¦ that the Earth and the moon are lit by another light.

[v] Sōl parvus vidētur. │ The sun seems (literally: is seen) small.

> Magister dīcit ¦ sōlem parvum vidērī. │ The teacher says ¦ that the sun seems small.

[vi] Lūx diēs dīcitur. │ The light is called the day.

> Legō ¦ lūcem diem dīcī. │ I read ¦ that the light is called the day.

[vii] and [viii] below well illustrate a point made earlier that translation may convey the ideas in different ways, but you need to put aside that influence:

[vii] celāre [1]: to conceal > celārī: to be concealed; note how English could translate the following indirect statement in two ways using different tenses whereas Latin uses the present passive infinitive since the original statement refers to a situation happening at that time.

Gallī negāvērunt ¦ Druidēs cēlārī. │ [1] The Gauls denied ¦ that the Druids were being concealed; [2] The Gauls have denied ¦ that the Druids are being concealed.

What the Gauls said at the time was: “The Druids are not being concealed.”

[viii] vestīre [4]: to dress > vestīrī: to get dressed

Dīcam ¦ tē vestīrī. │ I shall say ¦ that you are getting dressed.

English could equally express this as “I shall say (if I’m asked later) that you were getting dressed.”

Infinitives of deponent verbs, the forms of which are the same as passive verbs, will also be used in indirect statements although, as explained in previous posts, have an active rather than passive meaning:

Putō  ¦ hunc  senem  mē  sequī. │ I think ¦ that this old man is following me.

06.01.26: Level 3; language review; Labours of Hercules [4] The Arcadian stag; [5] The stables of Augeas

[4] The Arcadian Stag

In Arcadiā cervus erat aureīs cornibus, pedibus vērō aēneīs. Hunc sequī Herculēs ab Eurystheō iussus erat. Frūstrā per tōtum annum cervum īnsecūtus est; tandem sagittā vulnerātum cēpit.

[5] The stables of Augeas

Augeās, rēx Ēlidis, tria mīllia boum habēbat. Hōrum stabula per trīgintā annōs nōn erant lōta. Herculēs Augeān adiit, eīque dīxit: "Ūnō diē haec stabula lavābō. Vīsne mihi, hōc factō, decimam boum partem dare?" Respondit Augeās: "Dabō lubenter." Tum Herculēs, conversō per stabula amne, opus facillimē intrā ūnum diem perēgit.

amnis, -is [3/m]: (deep flowing / rapid) water; river; torrent

… ruunt dē montibus amnēs (Vergil) │ Torrents rush down the mountains

convertō, -ere, convertī, conversus [3]: (here) divert

[i] Give the nominative and genitive singular, gender and declension of the following nouns from the text:

boum

cornibus

partem

pedibus

[ii] Parse the following verbs from the text (person, number, tense, active / passive / deponent and infinitive / principal parts / conjugation)

adiit

dabō

erant lōta

īnsecūtus est

iussus erat

perēgit

vīs

[iii] Find from either text an example of:

ablative absolute

ablative of agent 

ablative of means / instrument

ablative of time within which

infinitive of a deponent verb

ordinal number

superlative adverb

____________________

[i]

boum < bōs, bovis [3 m/f]

cornibus < cornus, -ūs [4/n]

partem < pars, partis [3/f]

pedibus < pēs, pedis [3/m]

[ii]

adiit: 3^rd singular, perfect tense, active < adeō, adīre, adiī / adīvī; aditus [irregular]

dabō: 1st singular, future tense, active < dō, dare, dedī, datus [1]

erant lōta: 3^rd plural, pluperfect tense, passive < lavō, -āre, lāvī, lōtus (or lāvātus / lautus) [1]

īnsecūtus est: 3^rd singular, perfect tense, active < īnsequor, īnsequī, īnsecūtus sum [3/deponent]

iussus erat: 3^rd singular, pluperfect tense, passive < iubeō, -ēre, iussī, iussus [2]

perēgit: 3^rd singular, perfect tense, active < peragō, -ere, perēgī, perāctus [3]

vīs: 2^nd singular, present tense, active < volō, velle, voluī (no passive participle; fut.act. participle: volitūrus) [irregular]

[iii]

ablative absolute │ conversō (per stabula) amne; hōc factō

ablative of agent  │ ab Eurystheō

ablative of means / instrument │ sagittā

ablative of time within which │ ūnō diē

infinitive of a deponent verb │ sequī

ordinal number │ decimam

superlative adverb │ facillimē

[4] There was in Arcadia a stag with golden antlers, but with feet made of brass. Hercules had been ordered by Eurystheus to follow it. He followed the stag in vain throughout a whole year; at length he wounded (it) with an arrow (and) took it.

[5] Augeas, king of Elis, had three thousand oxen. Their stalls had not been washed for thirty years. Hercules approached Augeas and said to him: ‘Within one day I will wash these stalls. Are you willing to give me the tenth part of the oxen when this is done?’ Augeas replied, ‘I will give them willingly.’ Then Hercules, having diverted the river through the stables, accomplished the work very easily in one day.

Aeripedis quarto tulit aurea cornua cervi; Gerard van der Gucht; 1725-1732 (c.); © The Trustees of the British Museum. Shared under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) licence.

Hercules cleaning the Augean stables. Illustration from "The Twelve Labours of Hercules, Son of Jupiter & Alcmena", 1808

05.01.26: Comenius CV; Geometry; vocabulary [2]

A geometrician measureth the height of a tower, or the distance of places, either with a quadrant, or a Jacob’s-staff. │ Geōmetra mētītur altitūdinem turris, aut distantiam locōrum, sīve quadrante, sīve radiō.

He maketh out the figures of things, with lines, angles, and circles, by a rule, a square, and a pair of compasses. │ Dēsignat figūrās rērum līneīs, angulīs, & circulīs, ad rēgulam, normam, & circinum.

measuring instruments

[i] circinus, -ī [2/m]: pair of compasses

[ii] norma, -ae [1/f]: [i] a carpenter’s square; [ii] standard; norm

https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=norma-harpers

[iii] rēgula, -ae [1/f]: ruler

[iv] quadrāns, quadrantis [3/m]: in CL it refers to a fourth part of something i.e. a quarter of, for example, a monetary value or a weight

[v] radius, -ī [2/m]: various meanings in Classical Latin including [i] staff, rod [ii] the spoke of a wheel, and (here) [iii] a staff or rod for measuring; the term ‘Jacob’s staff’ refers to an astronomical or navigational measuring device (number [6] in the Comenius illustration)

[vi] grōma, -ae, or grūma, -ae [1/f]: not used in the text, but refers to a Roman surveyor’s pole / measuring rod with plumb lines

https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=groma-harpers

____________________

Quotations

[i] quod flūmen Dūbis ut circinō circumductum paene tōtum oppidum cingit (Caesar)  │ because the river Dubis, as if drawn (led around) with a compass, nearly encircles the whole town

[ii] nōlīte facere inīquum aliquid in iūdiciō in rēgulā in pondere in mēnsūrā (Vulgate) │ Literally: Do not commit any injustice in justice in measurement / rule(r), in weight, in quantity [ = You shall do no unrighteousness in judgment, in measures of length, of weight, or of quantity.]

pondus, ponderis [3/n]: weight

mēnsūra, -ae [1/f]: measure, measuring, quantity, amount

05.01.26: Comenius CV; Geometry; text and vocabulary [1]

Geometrie (geometry) │ geōmetria

A geometrician measureth the height of a tower, or the distance of places, either with a quadrant, or a Jacob’s-staff. │ Geōmetra mētītur altitūdinem turris, aut distantiam locōrum, sīve quadrante, sīve radiō.

He maketh out the figures of things, with lines, angles, and circles, by a rule, a square, and a pair of compasses. │ Dēsignat figūrās rērum līneīs, angulīs, & circulīs, ad rēgulam, normam, & circinum.

Out of these arise an oval, a triangle, a quadrangle, and other figures. │ Ex hīs oriuntur cylindrus, trigōnus, tetragōnus, & aliæ figūræ.

Geometrie (geometry) │ geōmetria

A geometrician measureth the height of a tower, … │ Geōmetra mētītur altitūdinem turris

He maketh out the figures of things, … │ Dēsignat figūrās rērum

[1] geōmetria, -ae [1/f]: geometry < Anc. Gk. γεωμετρία [geōmetría]: land survey

geōmetrēs, -ae [1/m]; geometra, -ae [1/m]: geometrician

mētior, -īrī, mēnsus / mētītus (post-CL)  sum [4/deponent]: measure

dēsignō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: (here) mark; indicate; outline; Engl. deriv. design 

[2] altitūdō, altitūdinis [3/f]: [i] height; [ii] depth < altus, -a, -um: high; deep

Related words:

lātitudō, lātitūdinis [3/f]: width < lātus, -a, -um: wide

longitūdō, longitūdinis [3/f]: length < longus, -a, -um: long

magnitūdō, magnitūdinis [3/f]: size; greatness; a large number; magnitude < magnus, -a, -um: big; great; magnitūdō does not refer to a specific geometrical measure, but is commonly found in the literature

Note:

[i] the genitive singular of 3^rd declension nouns is not always a shot in the dark; there are certain endings which [1] always change in the same way and [2] are always the same gender: -tūdō / -tūdinis [3/feminine] is one of them

[ii] Similarly, nouns ending in -tās [1] have a genitive singular in -tātis and [2] are always feminine

brevitās, brevitātis [3/f]: shortness (of space or time); shortness of stature < brevis, -e: short

____________________

Quotations

"Līnea est," inquit, "longitūdō quaedam sine lātitūdine et altitūdine" (Gellius) │ A line is," he says, "a certain length without width and height."

Flūminis erat altitūdō pedum circiter trium (Caesar)  │ The depth of the river was about three feet.

Aenēās urbem dēsignat arātrō (Vergil) │ Aeneas marks out the city with a plough

04.01.26: Level 1; 3rd declension adjectives [i]

From earlier sections of Carolus et Maria:

[i] “Mīles fortis,” inquit, “esse cupiō” │  “I want to be a brave soldier,” he said.

Sī fortēs erimus … dux nōbis praemium dabit │ If we are [lit: will be] brave, the commander will give us a reward.

fortis, -e: brave; strong

[ii] omnēs rēs sunt parātae │ all the things have been prepared

puerī veniunt, omnia spectant │ the boys come, they look at everything [all things]

Italia erit mihi omnium terrārum grātissima │ Italy will be the most pleasing of all the countries

omnibus discipulīs fābulās … nārrābō │ I shall tell stories to all the pupils

omnis, -e: every; all

[iii] Via est … facilis │ the way is easy

 facilis, -e: easy

facilis, -e; fortis, -e; omnis, -e are examples of third declension adjectives, the last of the declensions of Latin adjectives. Key information is posted here together with links to the topic in greater detail:

[i] 3^rd declension adjectives are so-called because they have the same endings as forms of 3^rd declension nouns

[ii] Image #1: They are sub-divided into three categories. This sounds a bit intimidating but it only classifies them based on the number of endings they have in the nominative singular; the word used is termination

One termination: one form for all three genders, for example:

audāx [masc. / fem. / neut.]: bold, daring

fēlix: happy

ingēns: huge

Two terminations: same ending for masculine and feminine; a different ending for neuter

fortis [masc. / fem.], forte [neut.]: brave; strong

difficilis, -e: difficult

levis, -e: light

Three terminations: different endings for all three genders

ācer [masc.], ācris [fem.], ācre [neut.]: sharp; bitter

celeber, celebris, celebre: famous

celer, celeris, celere: fast

LINKS

21.04.24: third declension adjectives [1]

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/428459489765325/

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/210424-third-declension-adjectives-1.html