13.01.26: Level 1; 3rd declension adjectives [iv] examples of 3rd declension adjectives of one termination

one termination: many (but not all) end in -x or -ns and undergo stem changes,

Note:

English derivatives – which may have come from Latin words related to the original word – retain the genitive singular ending.

Derivatives tend to be very specific, whereas the Latin words may have several meanings or the original sense has changed over time.

[1]

(īn)fēlīx, (īn)fēlīcis: (un)happy; (un)fortunate > Engl. deriv. felicity; felicitous

atrōx, -cis: fierce; violent; cruel > Engl. deriv. atrocious

ferōx, -cis: wild; bold; fierce > Engl. deriv. ferocious

vēlōx, -cis: swift; rapid > Engl. deriv. velocity

This change from -x > -c- in the stem applies to all the adjectives of this type e.g. (in)fēlīx, (in)fēlīcis: (un)happy, but note an important exception: senex, senis: old; elderly

25.04.24: 3rd declension adjectives [11]: one termination; suffix -āx

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/250424-3rd-declension-adjectives-11-one.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/430890469522227/

The suffix -āx is used to form one termination adjectives which describe a tendency towards performing the action of the root verb.

audeō, -ēre [2]: dare > audāx, audācis: bold; daring; (negative) reckless > Engl. deriv. audacious

bibō, -ere [2]: drink > bibāx, -cis: addicted to / fond of drink > Engl. deriv. bibacious

capiō, -ere [3-iō]: hold; contain > capāx, capācis: spacious; capable of > Engl. deriv. capacious

edō, -ere [3]: eat > edāx, edācis: greedy  > Engl. deriv. edacious

efficiō, -ere [3-iō]: accomplish; complete > efficāx, -cis: efficient; effective > Engl. deriv. efficacious

fallō, -ere [3]: deceive > fallāx, -cis: deceitful; fallacious

sāgiō, -īre [4]: perceive quickly > sagāx, -cis: of quick perception; shrewd; sagacious

noun: fūr, -is [3 m/f]:thief > fūrāx, -cis: thieving; inclined to steal

[2] the nominative singular ending is -āns / -ēns, but in all other forms with a stem change, the vowel is shortened to -ant(is) / -ent(is)

The English derivatives all reflect the original genitive singular ending i.e. -ant(is) / -ent(is)

adulēscēns, adulescen¦tis: young; youthful > Engl. deriv. adolescent

cōnstāns, cōnstantis: unchanging > Engl. deriv. constant

frequēns, -entis: [i] crowded [ii] frequent

impatiēns, -entis: impatient

patiēns, -entis: [i] suffering; enduring [ii] patient

(im)potēns, -entis: being (un)able to; powerful (powerless); (im)potent

recēns, -entis: new; recent

vehemēns, -entis: very eager; vehement

violēns, -entis: violent

Notes:

[i] Good examples of the derivative losing the original sense of the Latin word or reflecting a single specific meaning:

īnfāns, -antis: [i] speechless [ii] newborn [iii] childish > Engl. deriv. infant

innocēns, -entis: harmless; inoffensive > Engl. deriv. innocent

[ii] A feature of the English language is the co-existence of words both from a Latin and Germanic origin which either have the same meaning or the Latin refers to something more specific:

vigilāns, -antis: vigilant, but also: watch¦ful < Old English wæċċe + suffix -ful

adulēscēns, -entis: young; youthful > Engl. deriv. adolescent i.e. a specific stage between a child and adult, but also: youth¦ful < Old English ġeoguþ + suffix -ful, a more general term that can apply to any age

[3] As mentioned above, not all adjectives of this type end in -x or -ns:

caelebs, caelibis: unmarried > Engl. deriv. celibate

vetus, veteris: old > Engl. deriv. veteran

dīves, dīvitis: rich

impār, imparis: unequal

iuvenis, -is: young; youthful

pauper, -is (no stem change): poor