20.01.26: Level 2; Vincent (Latin Reader); XXXVIII / XXXIX [1] Description of Britain; [2] The Inhabitants of Britain (ii) grammar review

[1] Description of Britain

Incolae multī in Britanniā diū habitāverant; aliī, quī ex Galliā nāvigāverant, mānserant et agrōs colēbant. Incolīs est numerus magnus pecorum: aes et tāleae sunt: plumbum album est in regiōnibus mediterrāneīs, in maritimīs ferrum: sed ferrī est cōpia parva. Nec fāgus nec abiēs est in īnsulā. Incolae lepōrem et gallīnam et ānserem nōn gustant.

[2] The Inhabitants of Britain

Īnsula est nātūrā triquetra: ūnum latus est contrā Galliam; ūna ex parte est Hibernia; mediō in cursū est īnsula Mona. Multae sunt īnsulae minōrēs, ubi trīgintā diēs continuōs hieme summā est nox. Ex omnibus incolīs sunt hūmānissimī quī Cantium incolunt. Multī, quī regiōnēs interiōrēs incolunt, frūmenta nōn serunt, sed lacte et carne vīvunt. In bellō omnēs Britannī, ut Caesar in suīs librīs nārrat, sē īnficiunt vitrō, quod efficit colōrem caeruleum.

The questions refer to either of the two texts

[i] What tense are: nāvigāverant; mānserant?

[ii] Give the nominative singular of the following nouns from the texts:

agrōs

carne

colōrem

cursū

frūmenta

hieme

lacte

lepōrem

parte

pecorum

regiōnibus

[iii] Explain the use of the ablative case in the following extracts:

(1) hieme summā

(2) lacte et carne vīvunt

[iv] Identify the different cases of the nouns in bold and explain why they are being used:

(1) incolīs est numerus magnus pecorum

(2) sed ferrī est cōpia parva

(3) trīgintā diēs continuōs

[v]  Explain why these words in bold are used:

omnēs Britannī ut Caesar in (1) suīs librīs nārrat, (2) sē īnficiunt vitrō

[vi] What type of word are minōrēs; interiōrēs?

____________________

[i] pluperfect

[ii]

agrōs < ager

carne < carō

colōrem < color

cursū < cursus

frūmenta < frūmentum

hieme < hiems

lacte < lac

lepōrem < lepus

parte < pars

pecorum < pecus

regiōnibus < rēgiō

[iii]

(1) ablative of time when; in the depth of winter

(2) ablative of means; they live on milk and meat

[iv]

(1) dative; possession

(2) genitive; with a quantity

(3) accusative; duration of time

[v] Both are reflexive referring back to the subjects: (1) as Caesar recounts in his (own) books ; (2) the Britons … colour themselves

[vi] comparative adjectives