12.03.26: Level 2; Vincent (Latin Reader); XLVIII / XLIX; [1] The Return to Gaul; [2] The Death of Caesar (ii) grammar review

[1] The Return to Gaul

Caesar, quod magnum numerum obsidum et captīvōrum habēbat atque tempestātēs nāvēs paucās dēlēverant, duōbus itineribus exercitum trānsportāre īnstituit. Interim Rōmānī nāvēs reparāverant et Britannī omnēs obsidēs, quōs imperāverat Caesar, miserant. Itaque, ubi ventus erat idōneus, secundā vigiliā Caesar nāvēs solvit atque prīmā lūce ad continentem cum omnibus cōpiīs pervēnit. Inde exercitum in hīberna dūxit atque, quod illō annō cōpia frūmentī in Galliā erat parva, legiōnēs in plūrēs cīvitātēs distribuit.

[2] The Death of Caesar

Interim invidia magna Pompēium, quī in Ītaliā mānserat, propter victōriās Caesaris mōvit. Caesar et Pompēius dē prīncipātū cīvitātis contendēbant. Caesar, postquam Gallōs vīcit, exercitum suum ad Ītaliam dūcēbat: tandem ad fluvium Rubicōnem vēnit. Inde post diēs paucōs legiōnēs suās trāns fluvium dūxit. Itaque bellum contrā cīvitātem Rōmānam indīxit. Mox Pompēium et cōpiās Senātūs superāvit. Pompēius ad Aegyptum nāvigāvit, ubi servus illum necāvit. Caesar, postquam Rōmam revertit, imperium maximum habēbat: sed Rōmānī illum timēbant atque multī coniūrātiōnem fēcērunt. Brūtus et Cassius cum paucīs Caesarem prope statuam Pompēiī necāvērunt.

[1] Give the nominative singular of:

[i] cīvitātēs

[ii] coniūrātiōnem

[iii] itineribus

[iv] lūce

[v] prīncipātū

[vi] Senātūs

[2] Give the first person singular present tense of:

[i] dēlēverant

[ii] indīxit

[iii] mānserat

[iv] mōvit

[v] vīcit

[3] Translate these examples of the ablative of time when:

[i] illō annō

[ii] prīmā lūce

[iii] secundā vigiliā

[4] There are seven prepositions in the texts which are followed by the accusative case. Find one example of a phrase that shows each one, and translate them.

[5] Identify the case of the words in bold and explain why they are being used.

[i] Caesar, postquam Rōmam revertit …

[ii] duōbus itineribus exercitum trānsportāre īnstituit

[iii] magnum numerum obsidum

[6] Identify the type of clause in italics: place, relative, reason, time

[i] Britannī omnēs obsidēs, quōs imperāverat Caesar, miserant.

[ii] Caesar, postquam Rōmam revertit …

[iii] Caesar, quod magnum numerum obsidum et captīvōrum habēbat …

[iv] Itaque, ubi ventus erat idōneus, …

[v] invidia magna Pompēium, quī in Ītaliā mānserat, … mōvit

[vi] Pompēius ad Aegyptum nāvigāvit, ubi servus illum necāvit.

[7] Match the adverbs and their meanings:

inde

interim

itaque

mox

tandem

finally; from there; meanwhile; soon; therefore

____________________

[1]

[i] cīvitās

[ii] coniūrātiō

[iii] iter

[iv] lūx

[v] prīncipātus

[vi] Senātus

[2]

[i] dēleō

[ii] indīcō

[iii] maneō

[iv] mōveō

[v] vincō

[2]

[i] in that year

[ii] at dawn / at first light

[iii] at the second vigil*

*approximate divisions of the night in Ancient Rome:

prīma vigilia│First watch: 6:00 PM to 9:00 PM

secunda vigilia │ Second watch: 9:00 PM to 12:00 AM

tertia vigilia │ Third watch: 12:00 AM to 3:00 AM

quārta vigilia │ Fourth watch: 3:00 AM to 6:00 AM (until dawn)

[4]

(1) ad Aegyptum; ad continentem; ad fluvium Rubicōnem; ad Ītaliam │ to Egypt; to the mainland; to the Rubicon river; to(wards) Italy

(2) contrā cīvitātem Rōmānam │ against the Roman state

(3) exercitum in hīberna dūxit; legiōnēs in plūrēs cīvitātēs distribuit │ (in)to the winter quarters; distributed (here) among many tribes

(4) post diēs paucōs │ after a few days

(5) prope statuam (Pompēiī) │ near the statue (of Pompey)

(6) propter victōriās (Caesaris) │ on account of / because of (Caesar’s) victories

(7) trāns fluvium │ across the river

[5]

[i] accusative; no preposition to express to (a town)

[ii] ablative; means

[iii] genitive; partitive i.e. a large number of hostages

[6] look at the words that introduce the clauses:

[i] relative; … obsidēs, quōs imperāverat Caesar … │ … hostages ¦ who Caesar had demanded …

[ii] time; … postquam Rōmam revertit … │ …after he (had) returned to Rome …

[iii] reason; … quod … habēbat │ …because … he had …

[iv] time; ubi* ventus erat idōneus, … │ … when the wind was suitable …

[v] relative; … Pompēium, ¦ quī in Ītaliā mānserat, … │ … Pompey ¦ who had stayed in Italy …

[vi] place; … ad Aegyptum nāvigāvit, ¦ ubi* servus illum necāvit. │ … sailed to Egypt ¦ where a slave murdered him.

*ubi: where or when depending on context

[7]

inde: from there

interim: meanwhile

itaque: therefore

mox: soon

tandem: finally