03.06.26; Level 3+; Subjunctive [46] present subjunctive: all forms

Cicero kindly provides us with a laundry-list of present subjunctives: active, passive and deponent. The passive and deponent verbs are highlighted. All of the subjunctives have been introduced, but take note of ōdī (hate) which is formed differently from the others.

An overdose of present subjunctives; passive and deponent forms are highlighted

Sed est faciundum etiam, ut īrāscātur, iūdex mītigētur, invideat, faveat, contemnat, admīrētur, ōderit, dīligat, cupiat, taedeat, spēret, metuat, laetētur, doleat (Cicero)

But it must also be brought about that the judge may be angry, that he may be softened, that he may envy, that he may favour, that he may despise, that he may admire, that he may hate, that he may love, that he may desire, that he may be disgusted, that he may hope, that he may fear, that he may rejoice, and that he may grieve….

Sed est faciendum etiam, ut … │ But it must also be brought about that …

īrāscātur │ he may be angry < īrāscor, -ī, irātus sum [3/deponent]

iūdex mītigētur │ (that) the judge may be softened; present passive subjunctive of mītigō [1]: make soft; pacify

invideat │ (that) he may envy [understand ‘that’ before each verb to retain the subjunctive idea of the entire statement]

faveat │ he may favour

contemnat │ he may despise

admīrētur │ he may admire < admīror, admīrārī, admīrātus sum [1/deponent]

ōderit │ he may hate* (see end note)

dīligat │ he may love

cupiat │ he may desire

taedeat │it may disgust (he may be disgusted); in Classical Latin, the verb is impersonal

spēret │ he may hope

metuat │ he may fear

laetētur │ he may rejoice < laetor, laetārī, laetātus sum [1/deponent]

doleat │ he may grieve

*ōderit: this is the only “curve ball” in the list which is why its form looks different from the rest. The verb ōdī (hate) has no present tense stem; it uses perfect tense forms to express present tense meaning:

ōdī: I hate

ōdistī: you (sg.) hate

ōdit: (s)he it hates

ōdimus: we hate

ōdistis: you (pl.) hate

ōdērunt: they hate

Therefore, since the verb in the quotation is subjunctive, ōdī takes subjunctive endings on its perfect-formed stem, but the verb still conveys present-time meaning.

ōderim, ōderīs, ōderit, ōderīmus, ōderītis, ōderint