Herī Carolus ad tēctum Cassī invītātus est. │ Yesterday Carolus was invited to Cassius’ house
omnēs rēs sunt
parātae │ all the things have been prepared
[1] ‘invītātus’ and
‘paratae’ are examples of a perfect passive participle with the literal
meaning of ‘having been invited’ and ‘having been prepared’
[2] This is the
equivalent of Engllish “The letter was written yesterday”, “The car has
been sold”, but it is not the equivalent of “*I have written* a
letter” or “*He has sold* his car”. In Latin ‘invītātus’ is only passive;
it can only mean ‘invited’ in the sense having been invited e.g. I
was invited to my friend’s wedding.
[3] perfect
passive participles are like adjectives in that they agree with the subject in
gender, number and case.
Carolus ad tēctum
Cassī invītātus est. │ Carolus was invited to Cassius’
house.
Maria ad tēctum Cassī
invītāta est. │ Maria was invited to Cassius’ house.
Omnēs puerī invītātī
sunt. │All the boys were invited.
Omnēs puellae invītātae
sunt. │ All the girls were invited.
[4] perfect
passive participles end in -tus or -sus
invitō, invītāre (invite)
> invītātus, -a, -um: (Having been) invited
parō, parāre
(prepare) > parātus, -a, -um: (having been) prepared
videō, vidēre
(see) > vīsus, -a, um: (having been) seen
[5] These perfect
passive participles are very often used with the verb esse to say that
something was / has been done, but note the difference:
Carolus ad tēctum
Cassī invītātus est. │ Carolus was / has been
invited to Cassius’ house.
omnēs rēs sunt
parātae │ all the things were / have been
prepared
i.e. Latin uses
the present tense of esse + the perfect passive participle to
convey ‘was / has been (done)’
[6] Depending on
context, it can sometimes be translated as in English, but it is best to keep
as close as possible to the Latin original:
omnēs rēs sunt
parātae │ all the things have been prepared [ = all
the things are ready]
Perfect passive
participles are an important topic and so focus on the basic principles that
have been referred to here, and the key information was discussed at the
following links:
28.08.24:
follow-up on previous post 'how cats shows their emotions' [3]; level 2;
perfect passive participles - a brief introduction
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/07/280824-follow-up-on-previous-post-how_79.html
01.09.24:
Follow-up; Level 2; Perseus cartoon [2]; perfect passive
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/07/010924-follow-up-level-2-perseus_25.html
13.01.25: Level 2;
the passive voice [20]: the perfect passive [1]; three-in-one: the perfect,
pluperfect and future perfect passive; the fourth principal part / the perfect
passive participle
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/10/130125-level-2-passive-voice-20-perfect.html
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