In this section of the text, Comenius shows a number of examples of the gerund:
Either by
climbing over the walls with scaling-ladders | Vel mūrōs per scālās trānscendendō,
or by breaking
them down with battering-engines | aut diruendō arietibus,
or by demolishing
them with great guns | aut dēmōliendō
tormentīs,
or by breaking
through the gates with a petard |
vel dirumpendō portās exōstrā,
or by hurling
cannon balls | vel ēiaculandō globōs
tormentāriōs,
out of
mortar-pieces | ē mortāriīs balistīs,
into the city, by
engineers | in urbem per ballistāriōs,
who lie behind leaguer-baskets
| quī latitant post gerrās,
or by overthrowing
it with mines by pioneers | vel subvertendō cūniculīs per fossōrēs.
Some brief review
notes:
[i] The gerund is
a verbal noun referring to the act or process of doing something.
[ii] The ‘marker’
for the gerund is -nd-
visitō, -āre [1]
> visitandum
moneō, monēre [2]
> monendum
discō, discere [3]
> discendum
capiō, capere
[3-iō] > capiendum
audiō, audīre [4]
> audiendum
[iii] There is no
nominative case:
Nominative: -
Genitive:
visitandī
Dative: visitandō
Accusative:
visitandum
Ablative:
visitandō
[iv] In the text,
the gerund appears in the ablative case with the ending -ndō to
express means or method by which the action is carried out, and it is usually
translated in English as “by …-ing.”
ēiaculor, -ārī,
-ātus sum [1 dep.]: hurl, discharge
- ēiaculandō globōs tormentāriōs │ by hurling cannon balls
dīrumpō, -ere, dirūpī,
diruptus [3]: break down; burst; (here) break through
- dirumpendō portās │ by breaking through the gates
diruō, diruere,
diruī, dirūtus [3]: tear down
- diruendō │ by breaking down (the walls)
trānscendō,
trānscendere, trānscendī, trānscēnsus [3]: climb over
- mūrōs … trānscendendō │ by climbing over the walls
subvertō,
subvertere, subvertī, subversus [3]: overthrow
- vel subvertendō │ by overthrowing (the city)
dēmōlior, -īri, dēmōlitus sum [4 dep.]: demolish; tear down
- dēmōliendō │ by demolishing (the walls)
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