20.02.26: Level 3; indirect statement; the accusative-infinitive [25] Review; the Road to Latin; Unit 44 (1); Dē Orgetorīge I

This text reviews indirect statement by first presenting the information as direct speech [A] and then showing how this is changed to indirect statement / reported speech in [B]

Vocabulary

coniūrātiō, coniūrātiōnis [3/f]: [i] conspiracy [ii] (here) alliance, league

dēferō, dēferre, dētulī, dēlātus: to carry down; report

difficultās, difficultātis [3/f]: difficulty, trouble

fortitūdō, fortitūdinis [3/f]: bravery, courage

nātūra, -ae [1/f]: nature, character

• nātūra locī: natural features; topography

nōbilitās, nōbilitātis [3/f]: nobility, the nobles

ōrātiō, ōrātiōnis [3/f]: speech

• ōrātiōnem habēre: to make a speech

prīncipātus, -ūs  [4/m]: leadership; supremacy; the first place

quondam: formerly, once

sine dubiō: doubtless

spērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: to hope, expect

DĒ ORGETORĪGE I

Apud Helvētiōs Orgetorīx est prīnceps longē nōbilissimus et potentissimus. Is, rēgnī cupiditāte adductus, coniūrātiōnem nōbilitātis facit. Cuius coniūrātiōnis dux esse vult. Ad nōbilēs hanc ōrātiōnem habet:

[A] "Cīvitās Helvētia, nostra patria, locī nātūrā continētur. Helvētiī undique flūminibus montibusque continentur. Helvētiī, hominēs maximae audāciae, sunt bellī cupidī, sed propter angustōs fīnēs fīnitimīs bellum nōn facile īnferre possunt. Glōria bellī et fortitūdinis quondam fuit maxima sed mox minima erit. Helvētiī sine difficultāte dē fīnibus suīs exīre et lātiōrēs fīnēs petere possunt. Sīc fīnēs sibi magis idōneōs obtinēbunt."

"Rōmānī autem magnam partem Galliae iam superāvērunt. Prīncipātum tōtīus Galliae obtinēre volunt. Rōmānī fortasse ab itinere nōs prohibēre temptābunt. Multae nātiōnēs autem ab Helvētiīs vīctae sunt. Exercitus Rōmānus quidem ab eīs quondam victus est. Sine dubiō cōpiae Helvētiōrum eum iterum vincent."

[A] What Orgetorix actually says i.e. direct statement / direct speech

(1) “Cīvitās Helvētia, nostra patria, locī nātūrā continētur.

(2) Helvētiī undique flūminibus montibusque continentur. 

(3) Helvētiī, hominēs maximae audāciae, sunt bellī cupidī, sed (4) propter angustōs fīnēs fīnitimīs bellum nōn facile īnferre possunt.

(5) Glōria bellī et fortitūdinis quondam fuit maxima sed (6) mox minima erit.

(7) Helvētiī sine difficultāte dē fīnibus suīs exīre et lātiōrēs finēs petere possunt.

(8) Sīc fīnēs sibi magis idōneōs obtinēbunt.

(9) Rōmānī autem magnam partem Galliae iam superāvērunt.

(10) Prīncipātum tōtīus Galliae obtinēre volunt.

(11) Rōmānī fortasse ab itinere nōs prohibēre temptābunt.

(12) Multae nātiōnēs autem ab Helvetiīs victae sunt.

(13) Exercitus Rōmānus quidem ab eīs quondam victus est.

(14) Sine dubiō cōpiae Helvētiōrum eum iterum vincent.”

[1]

Which of the direct statements (1) – (14) above refers to:

_____ a great part of Gaul already conquered

_____ eager for war

_____ former glory in war

_____ glory will soon be very small

_____ hope for Helvetian victory

_____ inability to make war easily

_____ limited / contained by natural features  

_____ many nations conquered

_____ obtaining leadership / supremacy of all Gaul

_____ obtaining more suitable territories

_____ possible attempts to prevent the journey

_____ Roman army once conquered

_____ seeking wider territory

_____ surrounded by rivers and mountains

Alius Helvētius, frāter Orgetorīgis, Rōmānīs amīcus, hanc ōrātiōnem audit et Caesarī dēfert:

[B] Orgetorīx dīcit cīvitātem Helvētiam locī nātūrā continērī. Dēmōnstrat Helvētiōs undique flūminibus et montibus continērī. Cōnfirmat Helvētiōs, hominēs maximae audāciae, bellī esse cupidōs sed propter angustōs fīnēs fīnitimīs bellum nōn facile īnferre posse. Nōbilibus nostrīs nārrat eōrum glōriam bellī et fortitūdinis fuisse maximam sed mox futūram esse minimam. Putat Helvētiōs sine difficultāte dē fīnibus suīs exīre et fīnēs lātiōrēs petere posse; sīc sibi fīnēs magis idōneōs obtentūrōs esse. Dīcit Rōmānōs ipsōs magnam partem Galliae iam superāvisse et prīncipātum tōtīus Galliae obtinēre velle. Putat Rōmānōs fortasse eōs ab itinere prohibēre temptātūrōs esse. Scit autem multās nātiōnēs ab Helvētiīs vīctās esse et exercitum Rōmānum quidem ab eīs quondam vīctum esse. Spērat cōpiās Helvētiōrum Rōmānōs iterum victūrās esse.

[B] What Orgetorix is reported as saying i.e. indirect statement / reported speech

Orgetorīx dīcit ¦ cīvitātem Helvētiam locī nātūrā continēri.

Dēmōnstrat ¦ Helvētiōs undique flūminibus et montibus continērī.

Cōnfirmat ¦ Helvētiōs, hominēs maximae audāciae, bellī esse cupidōs sed propter angustōs fīnēs fīnitimīs bellum nōn facile īnferre posse.

Nōbilibus nostrīs nārrat ¦ eōrum glōriam bellī et fortitūdinis fuisse maximam sed mox futūram esse minimam.

Putat ¦ Helvētiōs sine difficultāte dē fīnibus suīs exīre et fīnēs lātiōrēs petere posse; sīc sibi fīnēs magis idōneōs obtentūrōs esse.

Dīcit ¦ Rōmānōs ipsōs magnam partem Galliae iam superāvisse et prīncipātum tōtius Galliae obtinēre velle.

Putat ¦ Rōmānōs fortasse eōs ab itinere prohibēre temptātūrōs esse.

Scit ¦ autem multās nātiōnēs ab Helvētiīs victās esse et exercitum Rōmānum quidem ab eīs quondam victum esse.

Spērat ¦ cōpiās Helvētiōrum Rōmānōs iterum victūrās esse.

[B]

[1] Find the Latin:

[i] he asserts

[ii] he hopes

[iii] he knows

[iv] he says

[v] he shows

[vi] he tells / recounts

[vii] he thinks

[2] Put the following infinitives under the appropriate heading of:

(a) present active

(b) perfect active

(c) future active

(d) present passive

(e) perfect passive

continēri

esse

fuisse

futūram esse

obtentūrōs esse

posse

superāvisse

temptātūrōs esse

velle

victās esse

victum esse

victūrās esse

[3] Underline the subject accusative of the following indirect statements:

[i] Orgetorīx dīcit cīvitātem Helvētiam locī nātūrā continēri.

[ii] Dēmōnstrat Helvētiōs undique flūminibus et montibus continērī.

[iii] Nōbilibus nostrīs nārrat eōrum glōriam bellī et fortitūdinis fuisse maximam

[iv] Dīcit Rōmānōs ipsōs magnam partem Galliae iam superāvisse

[v] 2 subject accusatives: Scit autem multās nātiōnēs ab Helvētiīs victās esse et exercitum Rōmānum quidem ab eīs quondam victum esse.

[vi] Spērat cōpiās Helvētiōrum Rōmānōs iterum victūrās esse.

____________________

[A]

[1]

a great part of Gaul already conquered (9)

eager for war (3)

former glory in war (5)

glory will soon be very small (6)

hope for Helvetian victory (14)

inability to make war easily (4)

limited by natural features (1)

many nations conquered (12)

obtaining leadership / supremacy of all Gaul (10)

obtaining more suitable territories (8)

possible attempts to prevent the journey (11)

Roman army once conquered (13)

seeking wider territory (7)

surrounded by rivers and mountains (2)

[B]

[1]

[i] he confirms: cōnfirmat

[ii] he hopes: spērat

[iii] he knows: scit

[iv] he says: dīcit

[v] he shows: dēmōnstrat

[vi] he tells / recounts: nārrat

[vii] he thinks: putat

[2]

[3]

[i] Orgetorīx dīcit cīvitātem Helvētiam locī nātūrā continēri.

[ii] Dēmōnstrat Helvētiōs undique flūminibus et montibus continērī.

[iii] Nōbilibus nostrīs nārrat eōrum glōriam bellī et fortitūdinis fuisse maximam

[iv] Dīcit Rōmānōs ipsōs magnam partem Galliae iam superāvisse

[v] Scit autem (1) multās nātiōnēs ab Helvētiīs victās esse et (2) exercitum Rōmānum quidem ab eīs quondam victum esse.

[vi] Spērat cōpiās Helvētiōrum Rōmānōs iterum victūrās esse.

Translation of [B]

Orgetorix says that the Helvetian state is confined by natural features.

He shows that the Helvetians are surrounded on all sides by rivers and mountains.

He asserts that the Helvetians—people of the greatest boldness—are eager for war, but because of their narrow borders they are not able to wage war easily on their neighbours.

He tells our nobles that their glory of war and bravery had once been very great, but soon will be very small.

He thinks that the Helvetians can, without difficulty, depart from their own borders and seek wider territories; and thus they will obtain territories more suitable for themselves.

He says that the Romans themselves have already conquered a large part of Gaul and wish to obtain the leadership of all Gaul.

He thinks that the Romans will perhaps try to prevent them from their journey.

He knows, however, that many nations have been conquered by the Helvetians and that the Roman army indeed was once defeated by them.

He hopes that the forces of the Helvetians will defeat the Romans again.

20.02.26: Level 3; Celestial Sphere: [4] Feng-Shui, Roman style: Columella

Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella, 1^st century AD Roman writer on agriculture: Dē rē rūsticā (12 books)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columella

https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/columella/de_re_rustica/1*.html

[1] Modus autem membrōrumque numerus aptētur ūniversō cōnsaeptō et dīvidātur in trēs partēs, urbāna, rūsticam, frūctuāriam

The size of the villa and the number of its parts should be proportioned to the whole enclosure, and it should be divided into three groups: the villa urbana⁠ [house in the city], the villa rustica⁠ [house in the country; ‘farmhouse’], and the villa fructuaria [literally: pertaining to fruit; here: storehouse].

• cōnsaeptum, -ī [2/n]: enclosure; also: fence, hedge
• frūctuārius, -a, -um: (pertaining to) fruit; fruitful
• rūsticus, -a, -um: (pertaining to the) countryside; rural;
• urbānus, -a, -um: (pertaining to a) city

[2] Urbāna rūrsus in hībernācula⁠ et aestīva sīc dīgerātur ut spectent hiemālis temporis cubicula brūmālem orientem, cēnātiōnēs aequinoctiālem occidentem.

The   manor house should be divided in turn into winter apartments and summer apartments, in such a way that the winter bedrooms [lit: of the winter season / time] may face the sunrise at the winter,⁠ and the (winter) dining-room face the sunset at the equinox.

[i]

aestīva (cubicula): winter bedrooms

brūmālis, -e: winter; winter solstice

hībernaculum, -ī [2/n]: winter quarters

hiemālis, -e: winter

[ii]

(1)

occidēns, -entis [3/m]: sunset; west (or as participle: setting)

oriēns, -entis [3/m]: sunrise (or as participle: rising)

(2)

ortus, -ūs [4/m]: rising (of heavenly bodies)

obitus, -ūs [4/m]: setting

occāsus, -ūs [4/m]: setting

Sapientēs antīquī sōlis et lūnae reliquōrumque sīderum ortūs, obitūs, mōtūsque cognōscere voluērunt.

The wise men of old wished to know the risings, settings, and movements of the sun, the moon, and the other stars.

[3] Rūrsus aestīva cubicula⁠ spectent merīdiem aequinoctiālem, sed cēnātiōnēs eiusdem temporis prōspectent hībernum orientem.

The summer bedrooms, on the other hand, should look toward the midday sun at the time of the equinox,⁠ but the dining-rooms of that season should look toward the rising sun of winter.⁠

[4] Balneāria occidentī aestīvō advertantur, ut sint post merīdiem et usque in vesperum inlūstria.

The baths should face the setting sun of summer,⁠ that they may be bright after midday and up to evening.

• inlūstris / illūstris, -e: bright, shining

[5] Ambulātiōnēs merīdiānō aequinoctiālī subiectae sint, ut et⁠ hieme plūrimum sōlis et aestāte minimum recipiant.

The promenades should be exposed to the midday sun at the equinox, so as to receive both the maximum of sun in winter and the minimum in summer.

• ambulātiō, -iōnis [3/f]: [i] a walk / stroll; [ii] a place for walking, promenade

19.02.26: Level 2; Vincent (Latin Reader); XLII / XLIII; [1] A Surprise Attack by the British; [2] the Submission of the Trinobantes (i) comprehension

[1] A Surprise Attack by the British

Posterō diē hostēs, quī procul ā castrīs erant in collibus, nostrōs equitēs proeliō lacessere incipiēbant. Tempore merīdiānō, ubi Caesar trēs legiōnēs et omnēs equitēs cum Gāiō Trebōniō, lēgātō, frūmentī causā mīserat, illī subitō in pābulātōrēs impetum fēcērunt. Sed nostrī ācriter resistēbant atque magnum numerum illōrum necāvērunt et cēterōs fugāvērunt. Hāc ex fugā auxilia, quae omnibus ex partibus convēnerant ad hostēs, discessērunt nec post illud tempus hostēs cum omnibus cōpiīs contrā nostrōs contendērunt.

pabulātor, -ōris [3/m]: forager

hāc ex fugā: after this rout

[1] Comprehension

[i] When did the incident happen? (1)

[ii] Where were the enemy? (2)

[iii] What did they start to do? (2)

[iv] Who is Gaius Trebonius? (1)

[v] What had Caesar sent him to do? (1)

[vi] At what time did the enemy attack? (1)

[vii] Who did they attack? (1)

[viii] How did the Romans react? (3)

[ix] Where had the auxiliary troops come from? (1)

[x] What did the auxiliary troops do after the enemy had fled?

[2] the Submission of the Trinobantes

Inde Trinobantēs, prope firmissima illārum regiōnum cīvitās, lēgātōs ad Caesarem dē pāce mīsērunt atque sē Caesarī dedērunt. Ex hāc cīvitāte Mandubracius, fīlius rēgis, ad Caesarem in Galliam vēnerat. Caesar multōs obsidēs et frūmentum imperat atque Mandubracium ad illōs mittit. Illī imperāta faciunt atque obsidēs ad numerum et frūmentum mittunt. Inde gentēs multae lēgātōs dē pāce mittunt atque sē Caesarī dant.

ad numerum: to the required number

[2] Comprehension

[i] The Trinobantes were:

[A] the strongest of all the tribes; [B] nearly the strongest tribe; [C] a very strong tribe

[ii] What would be the most fluent way of translating the following extract, particularly avoiding literal translations of the phrases in bold: lēgātōs ad Caesarem dē pāce mīsērunt atque sē Caesarī dedērunt (3)

[iii] Mandubracius:

[A] went to see Caesar’s son; [B] had come from Gaul to see Caesar; [C] had gone to Gaul to see Caesar

[iv] What did Caesar demand? (2)

[v] What phrase tells you that Caesar’s demands were carried out exactly? (1)

Illī imperāta faciunt atque obsidēs ad numerum et frūmentum mittunt.

[vi] How do we know that other tribes accepted defeat? (3)

____________________

[1]

[i] on the following day

[ii] (1) in the hills; (2) far / at distance from the camp

[iii] (1) provoke the cavalry (2) to fight / battle

[iv] tribune / lieutenant

[v] get / gather grain

[vi] midday

[vii] foragers

[viii] (1) resisted fiercely; (2) killed a large number of the enemy; (3) put the rest to flight

[ix] from all parts (directions)

[x] (1) departed; (2) afterwards / after that time enemy did not advance; (3) against the Romans; (4) with all their forces

[2]

[i] [B] nearly the strongest tribe │ prope firmissima illārum regiōnum cīvitās

[ii] (1) They sent ambassadors to Caesar (2) [literally: about / concerning peace] to discuss peace (3) and [literally: gave themselves] surrendered (themselves) to Caesar.

[iii] [C] had gone to Gaul to see Caesar │ ad Caesarem in Galliam vēnerat

[iv] (1) many hostages; grain │ multōs obsidēs et frūmentum (imperat)

[v] ad numerum │ to the required number

[vi] (1) many tribes sent envoys (2) to discuss peace; (3) surrendered to Caesar

18.02.26: Level 1; Carolus et Maria [25][i] text, vocabulary, notes

Carolus et Maria XXV

[1] Paucīs ante diēbus Carolus et Maria rēgem vīdērunt. Mox iterum laetī erunt quod nāviculam poētae vidēre poterunt. Haec est in flūmine parvō sed nōn est prope Rōmam. Itaque hanc urbem relinquere necesse est. Post tempus longum Americānī flūmen parvum vident. Prope rīpam flūminis est nāvicula, parva sed nōn angusta. Magna nāvis nōn est. Paucī ūnō tempore in nāviculā sedēre possunt. Sine morā omnēs viam relinquunt et ad rīpam properant.

[2] Vesper est. Undique sunt rēs pulchrae. Ibi ānserēs natant et clāmōrēs eōrum audīrī possunt. Aliō in locō sunt nāvēs. In mediō flūmine sunt saxa in quibus paucī puerī sedent. Eī diū natāvērunt et nunc corpora eōrum sunt dēfessa. Homō quī in rīpā stat est pater ūnīus puerī. Omnēs puerōs convocat. Post tergum praemium habet. Quis hoc accipiet?

[3] Quamquam māter est timida, cum poētā, tamen, it. Carolus prope poētam manet et Maria ante frātrem sedet. Pater māterque in locō tūtō sedent. Nāvicula quae vinculīs tenēbātur nunc est lībera. Rīpam relinquit et mox est in mediō flūmine. Clāmōrēs hominum quī animālia convocant audiuntur. In summō colle homō casam aedificat. Nunc domum it.

[4] Poēta fābulās dē Rōmā nārrat. Dē Horātiō, duce fortī, quī etiam sōlus hostēs oppugnābat, nārrat. Is hostēs superāvit. Posteā in Tiberim sē iēcit et ad rīpam tūtō natāvit. Itaque urbs erat lībera. Puerī Rōmānī bene natāre poterant et corpora valida habēbant.

[5] Subitō undique sunt saxa. Via, quae inter saxa est, angusta et perīculōsa est. Poēta omnia dē nāviculīs flūminibusque intellegit. Māter, tamen, perīculum timet et in rīpā esse cupit. Nunc inter saxa nāvicula nōn tam celeriter sē movet. "Heu! Heu!" exclāmat māter. "Mox aut vulnerābimur aut necābimur, quod nōn omnēs natāmus."

[6] "Minimē," inquit pater, "tūtī erimus. Saepe haec nāvicula per haec saxa tūta venit."

Post tempus longum omnēs iterum ad rīpam veniunt. Poēta in terram vincula, quibus nāvicula tenētur, conicit. Laetissima est māter quod iterum lībera perīculō est. Prope nāviculam est casa parva poētae. Hīc multās rēs poēta scrībit. Tōtam noctem omnēs in casā manent. Diū hanc noctem memoriā tenēbunt. Paucīs diēbus necesse erit Rōmam relinquere. Maestī Americānī Rōmam et poētam et mīlitem relinquent.

Vocabulary

nāvicula, -ae [1/f]: small boat

rīpa, -ae [1/f]: bank; shore

saxum, -ī [2/n]: stone; rock

corpus, corporis [3/n]: body

nāvis, -is [3/f]: ship; vessel

aedificō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: build

natō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: swim

sedeō, -ēre, sēdī [2]: sit

relinquō, -ere, relīquī, relīctus [3]: leave behind; abandon

possum, posse, potuī: be able

angustus, -a, -um: narrow

aut: or; aut … aut …: either … or …

tam: so

Notes:

[1] Mox aut vulnerābimur aut necābimur │ soon we will either be injured or killed

Future passive: 1^st / 2^nd conjugation

03.01.25: Level 2; the passive voice [15]; future passive [1]; 1st and 2nd conjugation [1]; forms

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/10/030125-level-2-passive-voice-15-future.html

05.01.25: Level 2; the passive voice [16]; future passive [2]; 1st and 2nd conjugation [2]; translation practice

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/10/050125-level-2-passive-voice-16-future.html

[2] clāmōrēs eōrum audīrī possunt │ their cries can / are able to be heard

audīre is the active infinitive = to hear; audīrī is the passive infinitive = to be heard

11.01.25: Level 2: the passive voice [19]; present passive infinitive

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/10/110125-level-2-passive-voice-19-present.html