28.02.26: Level 2; Vincent (Latin Reader); XLIV / XLV; [1] the Crossing of the Thames; [2] Guerrilla Warfare (ii) grammar review

[1] the Crossing of the Thames

Interim Caesar exercitum ad fluvium Tamesim in agrōs Cassivelaunī dūxit. Hic fluvius ūnō locō sōlō pedibus trānsīrī potest. Ubi Caesar ad hunc fluvium vēnit, Britannī cōpiās magnās in alterā rīpā habēbant. In rīpā et in fluviō sudēs erant acūtae. Caesar, ubi hās rēs ā captīvīs et perfugīs cognōvit, equitēs et legiōnēs statim praemīsit. Hostēs impetum nostrōrum sustinēre nōn poterant, atque fugae sē mandāvērunt.

[2] Guerrilla Warfare

Cassivelaunus, quī spem contentiōnis āmīserat, cum equitibus sōlīs itinera Rōmānōrum servābat. Ex viā excēdēbat atque in silvīs et locīs impedītīs sē occultābat. Subitō impetum contrā Rōmānōs quī vastābant agrōs faciēbat. Itaque Rōmānī nōn procul ā legiōnibus discēdere audēbant, sed agrōs hostium vastābant et aedificia incendēbant.

The questions refer to either of the two texts

[i] Give the nominative singular of the following nouns:

aedificia

agrōs

perfugīs

spem

[ii] Find from the texts two examples of fourth declension nouns

[iii] Give the first person singular present tense of the following verbs:

āmīserat

audēbant

cognōvit

dūxit

incendēbant

potest

sustinēre

[iv] Give the English meanings of the following adverbs:

interim

itaque

statim

subitō

[v] Caesar, ubi hās rēs ā captīvīs et perfugīs cognōvit …; this is an example of a temporal clause

(1) briefly explain what the term means and translate the extract to illustrate its use

(2) find a further example of a temporal clause

[vi] Cassivelaunus, quī spem contentiōnis āmīserat, …; this is an example of a relative clause

(1) briefly explain what the term means and translate the extract to illustrate its use

(2) find a further example of a relative clause

____________________

[i]

aedificia < aedificium

agrōs < ager

perfugīs < perfuga, -ae [1/m]: deserter

spem < spēs

[ii]

exercitum < exercitus, -ūs [4/m]

impetum < impetus, -ūs [4/m]

[iii]

āmīserat < āmittō

audēbant < audeō

cognōvit < cognōscō

dūxit < dūcō

incendēbant < incendō

potest < possum

sustinēre < sustineō

[iv]

interim: meanwhile

itaque: therefore

statim: immediately

subitō: suddenly

[v]

(1) a temporal clause ( a clause of time) gives information as to when the action in the main clause takes / took place

Caesar, when he learned of these events from captives and deserters, …

(2) ubi Caesar ad hunc fluvium vēnit

[vi]

(1) a relative (or adjectival) clause gives additional information about the person / thing in the main clause

Cassivelaunus, who had lost hope of resistance, …

(2) quī vastābant agrōs