Thursday, February 26, 2026

09.07.26: Level 3+; weather & natural phenomena [1] Tacitus

Tacitus presents weather conditions and other phenomena with differing purposes. Here we will look at a a physical and neutral description of the weather in Britannia.

Caelum crēbrīs imbribus ac nebulīs foedumasperitās frīgōrum abest. Diērum spatia ultrā nostrī orbis mēnsūram; nox clāra et extrēmā Britanniae parte brevis, ut fīnem atque initium lūcis exiguō discrīmine internōscās. Quod sī nūbēs nōn officiant, aspicī per noctem sōlis fulgōrem, nec occīdere et exurgere, sed trānsīre adfirmant. (Tacitus: Agricola)

The weather is foul, with dense cloud and rain; but severity of cold is unknown [literally: absent]. The days exceed in length those of our part of the world, the night is bright, and in the farthest part of Britain so short that you can scarcely tell the end of daylight from its beginning. So, they say, if no clouds intervene, the sun’s brightness is visible all night, not setting and rising but simply transiting.

asperitās, asperitātis [3/f]: severity; harshness

caelum, -ī [2/n]: weather; sky

clārus, -a, -um: clear

exsurgō, exsurgere [3]: rise up

foedus, -a, -um: foul

frīgor, frīgōris [3/n]: cold

fulgor, fulgōris [3/m]: [i] (here) brightness; gleam [ii] lightning

imber, imbris [3/m]: rain

lūx, lūcis [3/f]: light; daylight (and can also be used to refer to ‘dawn’)

nebula, -ae [1/f]: cloud

nox, noctis [3/f]: night; per noctem: all night / throughout the night

nūbēs, nūbis [3/f]: cloud

occidō, occidere [3]: go down; set (of the sun); note: not occīdō, occīdere [3] (with long /ī/) which means ‘kill’

sōl, -is [3/m]: sun

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