[1] Image #1: the [i]
perfect passive and [ii] pluperfect passive indicative, which were discussed in
depth in earlier posts, are formed with the perfect passive participle + [i]
the present tense of esse and [ii] the imperfect tense of esse
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/10/130125-level-2-passive-voice-20-perfect.html
[i] Perfect
Passive Participle
vocātus, -a, -um:
having been called
+ present tense of
esse, the PPP agreeing with the subject in gender and number
= perfect
passive indicative, for example:
vocātus
[m], vocāta [f] sum: I was / have been called
vocātus [m], vocāta
[f] es: you (sg.) were / have
been called
vocātus [m],
vocāta [f], vocātum [n] est: he / she / it has been called
vocātī
[m.pl.], vocātae [f.pl] sumus: we were / have been called
vocātī
[m.pl.], vocātae [f.pl] estis: you (pl.) were / have been called
vocātī
[m.pl.], vocātae [f.pl], vocāta [n.pl]: they were / have been
called
[ii] Perfect
Passive Participle
vocātus, -a, -um:
having been called
+ imperfect tense
of esse, the PPP agreeing with the subject in gender and number
= pluperfect
passive indicative, for example:
vocātus
[m], vocāta [f] eram: I had been called
vocātus [m], vocāta
[f] erās: you (sg.) had been
called
vocātus [m],
vocāta [f], vocātum [n] erat: he / she / it had been called
vocātī
[m.pl.], vocātae [f.pl] erāmus: we had been called
vocātī [m.pl.],
vocātae [f.pl] erātis: you (pl.) had been called
vocātī [m.pl.],
vocātae [f.pl], vocāta [n.pl] erant: they had been called
Image #2: to form [i]
the perfect and [ii] pluperfect passive subjunctive we use:
[i] the present
subjunctive of esse (sim, sīs, sit, sīmus, sītis, sint)
+ the perfect passive participle, agreeing in gender and number with the
subject
[ii] the imperfect
subjunctive of esse (essem, essēs, esset, essēmus, essētis, essent)
+ the perfect passive participle, , agreeing in gender and number with the
subject
[i] Perfect
passive indicative: vocātus sum
> Perfect
passive subjunctive: vocātus sim
[ii] Pluperfect passive
indicative: vocātus eram
> Pluperfect
passive subjunctive: vocātus essem
[2] Image #3: All
of the above also applies to deponent verbs which, although passive in
form, are active in meaning.
https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/01/070425-level-3-deponent-verbs-9-perfect.html
For the deponents,
we take the third principal part (hortor, hortārī, hortātus) + the
present or the imperfect subjunctive of esse:
hortātus sum
│ I (have) encouraged
horātus eram │
I had encouraged
In the
subjunctive, these become:
hortātus sim
hortātus essem
audeō, audēre,
ausus sum (2/semi-deponent): dare
Tantum opēs crēverant, ut movēre arma, nec
Mezentius, neque ūllī aliī accolae ausī sint (Livy adapted) │ “Their
strength had grown so much that neither Mezentius nor any other neighbor
dared to move a weapon.”
All of the
examples are in result clauses since that is one of the uses already discussed at
this stage. These forms occur in many other uses and so you need to
be familiar with them. They will, however, be dealt with more fully when other
uses are introduced.
[a] present
passive subjunctive in primary sequence
Tanta est fāma
cōnsulis ut ab omnibus laudātus sit. │ The consul’s fame
is so great that he has been praised by everybody.
Tam aeger est puer
ut ā medicō nōn cūrātus sit. │ The boy is so sick that
he has not been treated by the doctor.
Tam dīligenter
labōrat ut omnia opera parāta sint. │ He works so
diligently that all the works have been prepared.
[b] pluperfect
passive subjunctive in historic sequence
Dominus adeō
saevus erat ut ā servīs necātus esset. │ The master was so cruel that
he had been killed by the slaves.
Senex aurum ita
cēlāverat ut ā fīliīs nōn inventum esset.│ The old man had
hidden the gold in such a way that it had not been found by (his)
sons.
Tanta fūērat
clādēs ut signa captāta essent. │ The defeat had been so
great that the standards had been captured.
Tanta erat virtūs mīlitum ut hostēs superātī essent. │ The courage of the soldiers was so great that the enemies had been defeated.
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