22.05.26; Level 3+; Subjunctive [41] dependent uses [2] result [ii] practice

[1] Complete the Latin sentences with the words and phrases listed below:

[i] I was so far away that I could not see.

__________ longē aberam ut __________.

[ii] He works so energetically that he accomplishes many things.

__________ strēnuē labōrat ut multa __________.

[iii] Their camp is so far away from Rome that you can’t reach it in one day.

Castra eōrum __________ longē Rōmā absunt ut ūnō diē advenīre __________.

[iv] The Roman army killed so many enemies that the city was safe.

__________  hostēs interfēcit exercitus Rōmānus ut urbs incolumis  __________.

[v] He did such great things that he saved the city.

__________ fēcit ut urbem __________.

[vi] No one is so savage / savage to such an extent that he cannot be tamed.

Nēmō __________ ferus est ut __________ mītēscere __________.

[vii] She was so confused / confused to such an extent that she was barely able to speak.

__________ perturbāta erat ut vix loquī __________.

[viii] Hannibal’s army was so great that it destroyed many legions.

__________ erat exercitus Hannibalis ut multās lēgiōnes __________.

[ix] They made an attack with such force against Pompey’s cavalry that none of them stood their ground.

__________ vī in Pompēī equitēs impetum fēcērunt ut eōrum nēmō __________.

[x] So great a fear suddenly seized the whole army that it greatly [literally: not slightly] disturbed the minds and spirits of all.

__________  subitō timor omnem exercitum occupāvit ut nōn mediocriter omnium mentēs animōsque __________. (Caesar)

adeō; adeō; tam; tam; tam; tanta; tantā; tantus; tantus; tot

cōnsisteret; destrueret; esset; nōn … possit; nōn vidērem; perficiat; perturbāret; posset; possīs; servāret

[2] Translate the sentence using one phrase from [A] and one phrase from [B]; take careful note of the tenses being used

[i] There are so many buildings that I cannot see them all.

[ii] There were so many buildings that I could not see them all.

[iii] The children’s mother is so happy that she cannot speak.

[iv] The children's mother was so happy that she couldn't speak.

[v] The thief is running so quickly that he cannot be caught.

[vi] The thief ran so quickly that nobody could catch him.

[vii] He is so handsome that all the girls love him.

[viii] She was so beautiful that all the boys loved her.

[ix] He has given you so many gifts so that you won’t leave.

[x] I gave you so many gifts so that you would not leave.

[xi] The king is so fierce that no one wants to fight him.

[xii] The queen was so fierce that no one wanted to fight her.

[A]

Tibi tot dōna dedit

Tibi tot dōna dedī

Tam pulchra erat

Tam pulcher est

Erant tot aedificia

Sunt tot aedificia

Rēx ita ācris est

Regīna ita ācris erat

Māter līberōrum adeō gaudet

Māter līberōrum adeō gaudēbat

Fūr tam celeriter cucurrit

Fūr tam celeriter currit

[B]

ut cāpī nōn possit.

ut loquī nōn posset.

ut loquī nōn possit.

ut nēmō eam pugnāre vellet.

ut nēmō eum capere posset.

ut nēmō eum pugnāre velit.

ut nōn discedās.

ut nōn discederēs.

ut omnēs puellae eum ament.

ut omnēs puerī eam amārent.

ut omnia vidēre nōn possem.

ut omnia vidēre nōn possim.

____________________

[1]

[i] Tam longē aberam ut nōn vidērem.

[ii] Tam strēnuē labōrat ut multa perficiat.

[iii] Castra eōrum tam longē Rōmā absunt ut ūnō diē advenīre nōn possīs.

[iv] Tot hostēs interfēcit exercitus Rōmānus ut urbs incolumis esset.

[v] Tanta fēcit ut urbem servāret.

[vi] Nēmō adeō ferus est ut nōn mītēscere possit.

[vii] Adeō perturbāta erat ut vix loquī posset.

[viii] Tantus erat exercitus Hannibalis ut multās lēgiōnes destrueret.

[ix] Tantā vī in Pompēī equitēs impetum fēcērunt ut eōrum nēmō cōnsisteret.

[x] Tantus subitō timor omnem exercitum occupāvit ut nōn mediocriter omnium mentēs animōsque perturbāret. (Caesar)

[2]

[i] Sunt tot aedificia ut omnia vidēre nōn possim.

[ii] Erant tot aedificia ut omnia vidēre nōn possem.

[iii] Māter līberōrum adeō gaudet ut loquī nōn possit.

[iv] Māter līberōrum adeō gaudēbat ut loquī nōn posset.

[v] Fūr tam celeriter cucurrit ut nēmō eum capere posset.

[vi] Fūr tam celeriter currit ut cāpī nōn possit.

[vii] Tam pulcher est ut omnēs puellae eum ament.

[viii] Tam pulchra erat ut omnēs puerī eam amārent.

[ix] Tibi tot dōna dedit ut nōn discedās.

[x] Tibi tot dōna dedī ut nōn discederēs.

[xi] Rēx ita ācris est ut nēmō eum pugnāre velit.

[xii] Regīna ita ācris erat ut nēmō eam pugnāre vellet.

22.05.26; Level 3+; Subjunctive [40] dependent uses [2] result [i]

[1] A result clause shows the outcome or consequence of an action. It is introduced by:

[i] ut + subjunctive: positive result

Tam stultus est ¦  ut hoc semper dīcat. │ He is so foolish ¦ that he always says this.

[ii] ut nōn + subjunctive: negative result

Tam timida est ¦ ut nōn respondeat. │ She is so timid ¦ that she does not answer.

[2] Result clauses can look very similar to purpose clauses especially when ut is used. However, note the differences:

(1) A negative result is not introduced by nē, but by ut nōn.

These two examples show the difference in meaning between a purpose clause and a result clause:

Cūstōdītus est ¦ nē effugeret. │ He was guarded ¦ in order that he might not escape i.e. purpose

Cūstōdītus est ¦ ut nōn effugeret. │ He was guarded ¦ so that he did not escape i.e. result / consequence

(2) There is frequently a ‘signal word’ in the main clause that indicates that a result clause is to follow. The signal words can refer to the extent / degree to which something is / was done, or the way in which something is / was done that led to the outcome. We can also say that these words express intensity.

The examples below also show the sequence of tenses with the present and imperfect subjunctive.

[i] tam … ut:  so … that

Tam fortis est [present indicative] ¦ ut hostēs vincat [present subjunctive] │ He is so brave ¦ that he conquers the enemy

Tam fortis erat [imperfect indicative] ¦ ut hostēs vinceret [imperfect subjunctive] │ He was so brave ¦ that he conquered the enemy

[ii] tantus / tanta / tantum … ut: so great … that

Tantus clāmor est ¦ ut cīvēs ōrātōrem nōn audiant. │ The noise is so great ¦ that the citizens do not hear the speaker.

Tantus clāmor erat ¦ ut cīvēs ōrātōrem nōn audīrent. │ The noise was so great ¦ that the citizens did not hear the speaker.

Magister tantam vōcem habet ¦ ut discipulī timeant. │ The teacher has such a great (loud) voice ¦ that the pupils are afraid.

Magister tantam vōcem habēbat ¦ ut discipulī timērent. │ The teacher had such a great (loud) voice ¦ that the pupils were afraid.

[iii] tot … ut:  so many … that

Tot mīlitēs urbem oppugnant ¦ ut valdē timeāmus. │ So many soldiers are attacking the city ¦ that we are very afraid.

Tot mīlitēs urbem oppugnābant ¦ ut valdē timerēmus. │ So many soldiers were attacking the city ¦ that we were very afraid.

[iv] tālis, -a … ut: such … that …

Puerī tālia verba clāmant ¦ ut mātrēs audīre nōlint. │ The boys are shouting such words ¦ that the mothers refuse to listen.

Puerī  tālia  verba  clāmābant  ¦ ut  mātrēs  audīre  nōllent. │ The boys were shouting such words ¦ that the mothers refused to listen.

[v] adeō … ut:  to such a degree … that

Rōmam adeō amat ¦ ut semper hīc habitāre velit. │ He loves Rome to such an extent ¦ that he always wants [literally: would always want] to live here.

Rōmam adeō amābat ¦ ut semper hīc habitāre vellet. │ He loved Rome to such an extent ¦ that he always wanted to live here.

Translations can vary and it is not always necessary to stick rigidly to the separate meanings given here i.e. He loves / loved Rome so much that … would be a smoother alternative in English.

fac sīs sit dēlātum hūc mihi frūmentum, hunc annum quod satis, mī et familiae omnī sit meae, atque adeō ¦ ut frūmentō a(f)fluam (Plautus)  │ See to it that grain is brought here to me—enough for this year, for me and for my whole household—and indeed so much ¦ that I may abound in grain.

nam quae flūmine Nīlō fertur, adeō est līmōsa ac turbida ¦ ut multōs variōsque morbōs efficiat (Bellum Alexandrinum) │ For what is carried by the Nile river is so muddy and turbid that it produces many and various diseases.

[vi] ita … ut = in such a way … that

Mūrōs ita aedificant ¦ ut hostēs eōs dēlēre nōn possint. │ They build the walls in such a way ¦ that the enemies cannot destroy them.

Mūrōs ita aedificāverant ut hostēs eōs dēlēre nōn possent. │ They had built the walls in such a way ¦ that the enemies could not destroy them.

[vii] sīc … ut: so / in such a way … that …

Sīc pugnat vēnātor ¦ ut leō fugiat. │ The hunter fights in such a way ¦ that the lion flees.

Sīc pugnāvit vēnātor ¦ ut leō fugeret. │ The hunter fought in such a way ¦ that the lion fled.

In practice, there is little difference between [vi] - [viii] above and you could equally find ita or adeō instead of sic in result clauses:

Ita pugnāvit vēnātor ut leō fugeret.

Adeō pugnāvit vēnātor ut leō fugeret.

21.05.26: Comenius (1658) XXXV; Sea-fish and Shell-fish … and fish that ‘flie’ (1)

Sea-fish, and shell-fish. │ marīnī piscēs & conchæ.

The whale, 1. (is the) │ bālæna, (cētus) 1.

Greatest ¦ of the sea-fish. │ maximus ¦ piscium marīnōrum.

The dolphin, 2. │ delphīnus, 2.

The swiftest.│ vēlōcissimus.

The scate, 3.│ raia, 3.

The most monstrous.│ mōnstr(u)ōsissimus.

Others are the lamprel, 4. │ aliī sunt mūrænula, 4.

The salmon, 5. │ salmō, 5.

There are also fish that flie, 6. │ dantur etiam volātilēs, 6.

Add herrings, 7. │ adde halecēs, 7.

Which are brought pickled, │ quī salsī,

And pla(i)ce, 8. and cods, 9. │ & passerēs, 8. cum asellīs, 9.

Which are brought dry; │ quī adferuntur ārefactī;

And the sea monsters, │ & mōnstra marīna,

The seal. 10. │ phōcam, 10.

And the sea-horse, &c. │ hippopotamum, &c.

Shell-fish, 11. have shells. │ concha, 11. habet testās,

The oyster, 12. │ ostrea, 12.

Affordeth sweet meat. │ dat sapidam carnem.

The purple-fish, │ mūrex, 13.

Purple; │ purpuram;

The others, pearls, 14. │ aliī, 14. margarītās.

____________________

[1] bālaena / ballaena, -ae [1/f]: whale

also: orca, -ae [1/f]

cētus, -ī [2/m]: any large sea animal e.g. whale, shark, dolphin etc.; can also refer to a sea-monster

[2] delphīnus, -ī [2/m]: dolphin

[3] To see some of this vocabulary in context, we’ll look in later posts at excerpts from Pliny the Elder’s Natural History (Nātūrālis historia). In Book 9, he makes many references to types of fish and uses terms to distinguish between three which, to the untrained eye, look similar:

[i] raia, -ae [1/f]: ray; marine fish with a flat body

[ii] pastināca, -ae [1/f]; raia, -ae [1/f] pastināca (in this topic) sting-ray; pastināca a food term for parsnip (or carrot) referring to the tapering nature of its tail; Pliny specifically distinguishes the sting-ray by describing its venom and the strength of its spine

[iii] squātina, -ae [1/f]: skate

[4] mūrena / mūraena, -ae [1/f]: moray eel; lamprey (transl. lamprel; obsolete); mūrēnula / mūraenula, -ae [1/f] is a diminutive form, but in CL it referred to a small necklace that resembled an eel

also: anguilla, -ae [1/f]: eel

[5] salmō, salmōnis [3/n]: salmon

solea, -ae [1/f]: although its principal meaning is the sole of a shoe, it was also used to refer to the fish owing to its shape

thunnus, -ī [2/m]: tuna

tructa, -ae [1/f] / tructus, -ī [2/m]: (Late Latin) trout

Note the following three where I have given distinguishing translations for them, but there can be overlap and / or lack of clarity in original texts:

lōlīgō, lōlīginis [3/f]: squid

sēpia, -ae [1/f]: cuttlefish

pōlypus, -ī [2/m]: octopus

[6] volātilis, -e: flying; winged > piscēs volātilēs: flying fish

[7] halecēs: ‘herrings’

various forms: (h)ālex, -ēcis [3 m/f]; ālec / (h)allec: “the sediment of a costly fish-sauce, garum; and in general the sauce prepared from small fish, fish-pickle, fish-brine” (Lewis & Short)

It seems an unusual choice to describe the fish itself since there is a more recognisable alternative:

harengus / haringus, -ī [2/m]: (Late Latin) herring

[8] passer, -is [3/m]: refers far more often in CL to a sparrow, not least Lesbia’s famous deceased one in the Catullus poem, but it also was used to mean a ‘turbot’, various species of flatfish including plaice

[9] asellus, -ī [2/m]: “A sea-fish much prized by the Romans, perhaps cod or haddock” (Lewis & Short)

mōnstrum, -ī marīnum: sea-monster

[10]  in the English language of this period, “fish” i.e. the title of the text could be used much more broadly to refer to any marine mammal such as whales or seals:

phōca, -ae [1/f]: seal

hippopotamus, -ī [2/m]: the English term ‘sea-horse’ as used by the translator is referring to a walrus; the Classical Latin did refer to the Nile hippopotamus (‘river-horse’) i.e. the same animal we mean today

hippocampus, -ī [2/m]: sea-horse i.e. the small marine fish with a horse-like head and long tail

[11]

concha, -ae [1/f]: refers to a ‘bilvalve’ shellfish consisting of two hinged sections e.g. scallop, clam, mussel or oyster

conchȳlium, -ī [2/n]: shellfish

testa, -ae [1/f]: various meanings including the shell of a shellfish

mȳtilus / mȳtulus / mutulus, -ī [2/m]: (edible) mussel

cancer, cancrī [2/m]: crab

lōcusta, -ae [1/f]: lobster

[12] ostrea, -ae [1/f]: oyster

[13] mūrex, mūricis [3/m]: a shellfish used as a source of the dye Tyrian purple; the purple-fish

18.07.24: level 1; bright white (and purple) politicians

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/180724-level-1-bright-white-politicians.html

[14] margarīta, -ae [1/f]: pearl

Classical Latin did not have a specific word for ‘seafood’ although Neo-Latin fructus, -ūs [4/m] maris (Ital. frutti di mare; Fr. fruits de mer) i.e. fruit(s) of the sea conveys the idea. Equally, a simple combination of two general words i.e. piscēs et conchȳlia maris would have the same meaning.

Most of the illustrations in Comenius’ work are generally accurate. It’s interesting, however, that the images of the fish are not, many of them naively drawn with distinct human facial features. But it’s 1658; it is highly probable that the illustrator had only ever heard of some of these, or had seen earlier and / or inconsistent representations. Moreover, that earlier illustrations exist (one of those posted below is from 1617 and reasonably accurate) does not mean that the illustrator had access to them. A good example of that are three contemporary reports of whales, two prior to Comenius and one – the most bizarre – afterwards.

And I couldn’t end without referring to the news report from 1645 which stated that, when the whale was opened: “there was found in the belly of it a Romiſh prieſt with Pardon for divers Papiſts in England and in Ireland”

They did write some garbage in the 17^th century – and they still do, don’t they? 

Mosaic of an octopus from the floor of the tepidarium in the Roman central baths, Herculaneum 

21.05.26: Level 3 (review); a Second Latin Reader (Vincent) [7]: the Route taken by the Helvetii

 Language focus: passive and deponent forms

Inde eae gentēs, eōdem consiliō ūsāe, omnia oppida et aedificia incendērunt atque cum Helvētiīs proficīscī cōnstituērunt. Erant duo itinera: ūnum per Sēquanōs, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iūram et flūmen Rhodanum; propter altitūdinem montis paucī multōs facile prohibēre poterant; alterum per prōvinciam nostram, multō facilius, quod inter fīnēs Helvētiōrum et Allobrogum, quī superātī erant, Rhodanus fluit, atque cōpiae nōnullīs locīs trādūcī possunt. Genāva est extrēmum oppidum Allobrogum et proximum fīnibus Helvētiōrum.

____________________

Then those peoples, having used the same plan, burned all their towns and buildings and decided to set out with the Helvetii. There were two routes: one through the Sequani, narrow and difficult, between Mount Jura and the river Rhône; because of the height of the mountain, a few men could easily prevent many; the other through our province, much easier, because between the territory of the Helvetii and that of the Allobroges, who had been defeated, the Rhône flows, and forces can be led across at several places. Geneva is the furthest town of the Allobroges and nearest to the borders of the Helvetii.

20.05.26: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [27] [iv]: language focus and translation

“Antīquīs temporibus,” inquit pater, “mīlitēs circum iānuam stābant.”

“Cūr hoc fēcērunt?” rogat Carolus.

“Sīc eī rēgēs ā perīculō rapiēbant,” respondet pater. “Saepe rēgēs inimīcōs quī eōs etiam necāre audēbant habēbant. Saepe pictūrās in quibus erant pīla quae paucī ex mīlitibus portābant vīdī. Galeās et gladiōs quoque portābant. Haec erant arma splendida. Signa in quibus erant figūrae avium aut animālium portābantur. Tū exempla bona hōrum signōrum antīquōrum Rōmae vīdistī. Mīlitēs Rōmānī quoque signa in proeliīs portābant. Sīc in mediō proeliō mīlitēs loca sua nōscēbant.”Bottom of Form

Language focus: imperfect tense

audēbant

erant

habēbant

nōscēbant

portābant

portābantur

rapiēbant

stābant

Remember that the imperfect tense can convey:

[i] was / were doing something i.e. referring to a single action that was incomplete

[ii] a repeated action, often expressed in English with ‘used to (do)’ or ‘would (do)’; English may use a simple past tense in translation if the meaning is clear either from context or with the use of, for example, an adverb that indicates that the action was frequentative

[iii] a general situation at the time; background description

Note the following:

[i] Translation can vary, but be careful. The Latin imperfect can be used in situations where English makes a distinction that Latin does not, for example:

[1] John was walking down our street.

[2] John used to walk down our street.

Both of these would normally be expressed by the imperfect tense in Latin, but they do not mean the same thing in English.

The first suggests an action in progress at a particular moment, while the second suggests a habitual action over time.

When translating, you must decide which English form best fits the context, rather than assuming there is only one correct equivalent for the imperfect.

[ii] Saepe pictūrās in quibus erant pīla quae paucī ex mīlitibus portābant vīdī.

This would seem to contradict the previous information in that a repeated action is referred to, indicated by the adverb saepe (often). You would expect an imperfect tense, but Latin uses a perfect. However, compare the following two English sentences:

[1] I often used to go to my grandmother’s house.

[2] I have often bought bread from that shop.

[1] has no sense of ‘beginning or end’; it merely refers to an action that happened frequently

[2] does indicate repeated actions, but ones that were clearly completed

Saepe pictūrās … vīdī. │ I have often seen pictures.

In other words, a Roman writer distinguished between whether an action was ongoing / habitual, or as repeated but complete.

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/tenses%3A%20imperfect

____________________

“In ancient times,” says the father, “soldiers used to / would stand around the gate.”

“Why did they do this?” asks Carolus.

“In this way they were protecting the kings from danger,” replies the father. “Often kings had / used to have enemies who even dared / would even dare to kill them. I have often seen pictures in which there were javelins which a few of the soldiers were carrying. They were also carrying helmets and swords. These were splendid weapons. Standards on which were figures of birds or animals were carried. You’ve seen good examples of these ancient standards in Rome. Roman soldiers also carried / would carry / used to carry standards in battles. In this way, in the middle of a battle, soldiers knew their positions.”

19.05.26: Level 1 (review); Ubi labōrat …? [2]

[i] Ubi labōrat servus? │ Where does the slave work?

in hortō │ in the garden

servus in hortō labōrat

hortus > in hortō

[ii] Ubi labōrat agricola? │ Where does a farmer work?

in agrō │ in a field

agricola in agrō labōrat

ager > in agrō

[iii] Ubi labōrat āctor?  │ Where does an actor work?

in theātrō │ in a theatre

āctor in theātrō labōrat

theātrum > in theātrō

[iv] Ubi labōrat lanista? │ Where does a gladiator trainer work?

in amphitheātrō│ in an amphitheatre

lanista in amphitheātrō labōrat

amphitheātrum > in amphitheātrō

[v] Ubi labōrat sacerdōs? │ Where does a priest / priestess work?

in templō│ in a temple

sacerdōs in templō labōrat

templum > in templō

[vi] Ubi labōrat medicus? │ Where does a doctor work?

in valētūdināriō │ in a hospital

medicus in valētūdināriō labōrat

valētūdinārium > in valētūdināriō

Notes:

[1] Nouns that end in -us in this presentation, and nouns that end in -um are 2^nd declension. Although they have different nominative case forms, they are grouped together because they are almost identical in the endings that they use.

Again, the nouns are put into the ablative case with the preposition in, but, this time, the ending is different.

hortus [masculine]: garden > in hortō: in the garden

templum [neuter]: temple > in templō: in the temple

A noun that ends in -er e.g. ager is also masculine 2^nd declension; nouns of this type take the same endings as any other 2^nd declension noun except that some of them lose /e/ before the ending is added:

ager > in agrō

[2] lanista: the owner, manager, and chief trainer of a gladiatorial school

lūdus gladiātōrius: lanista in lūdō gladiātōriō labōrat

However, as shown in the presentation, he would also accompany gladiators to the games

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator#Schools_and_training

[3] valētūdinārium: hospital; sickbay; very often refers to a military / field hospital

https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=valetudinarium-harpers

Video #1: Oliver Reed in the role of Proximo, the lanista in the movie “Gladiator”, a chilling episode

“I do not pay good money for you for your company. I paid it so I could profit from your death.”

Image #1: The remains of the lūdus gladiātōrius near the Colosseum, Rome

Image #2: The remains of the valētūdinārium at Novae, Bulgaria

18.05.26; Level 3+; Subjunctive [39] dependent uses [1] purpose [v] + quī / quō / ubi (ii) practice

[1] Complete the Latin sentences with the words listed below:

[i] They sent a messenger to warn the senate [ = who would warn …]

Nūntium mīsērunt __________ senātum __________.

[ii] He has sent a legion to defend the city. [ = who is to defend …]

Legiōnem mīsit __________ urbem __________.

[iii] He sent a legion to defend the city. [ = who would defend …]

Legiōnem mīsit __________ urbem __________.

[iv] He gave me wine to drink. [ = which I would drink]

Mihi vīnum dedit __________ __________.

[v] He sent soldiers to kill the enemy. [ = who would / were to kill …]

Mīlitēs mīsit __________ hostēs __________.

[vi] He runs in order to arrive more quickly [ = so that he may arrive more quickly]

Currit __________ celerius __________.

[vii] They located the camp where the soldiers would be safe.

Castra posuērunt __________  mīlitēs tūtī __________.

quae; quae; quī; quī; quō; quod; ubi

adveniat; biberem; dēfendat; dēfenderet; essent; interficerent; monēret

[2] Translate the sentence using one phrase from [A] and one phrase from [B]

[i] He has sent soldiers to capture the city.

[ii] The soldiers came to the fields to attack the city.

[iii] He left the cavalry in the camp to work.

[iv] He sent men to announce this.

[v] He used to write books for others to read [ = which others would read]

[vi] He worked quickly in order to finish the work more easily [ = so that he might finish …]

[vii] He’s looking for a place to sleep [ = where he may sleep]

[A]

Ad agrōs militēs venērunt

Celeriter labōrāvit

Equitēs in castrīs relīquit

Librōs scrībēbat

Locum quaerit

Mīlitēs mīsit

Virōs mīsit

[B]

quī hoc nūntiārent

quī labōrārent

quī urbem capiant

quī urbem peterent

quō facilius perficeret opus

quōs aliī legerent

ubi dormiat

____________________

[1]

[i] Nūntium mīsērunt quī senātum monēret.

[ii] Legiōnem mīsit quae urbem dēfendat.

[iii] Legiōnem mīsit quae urbem dēfenderet.

[iv] Mihi vīnum dedit quod biberem.

[v] Mīlitēs mīsit quī hostēs interficerent.

[vi] Currit quō celerius adveniat.

[vii] Castra posuērunt ubi mīlitēs tūtī essent.

[2]

[i] Mīlitēs mīsit quī urbem capiant.

[ii] Ad agrōs militēs venērunt quī urbem peterent.

[iii] Equitēs in castrīs relīquit quī labōrārent.

[iv] Virōs mīsit quī hoc nūntiārent.

[v] Librōs scrībēbat quōs aliī legerent.

[vi] Celeriter labōrāvit quō facilius perficeret opus.

[vii] Locum quaerit ubi dormiat.

18.05.26; Level 3+; Subjunctive [38] dependent uses [1] purpose [v] + quī / quō / ubi (i)

There are other ways in which purpose can be expressed:

[1] quī, quae, quod + subjunctive

[i] Instead of saying ut + subjunctive, Latin often uses quī, quae, quod + subjunctive when the purpose is closely tied to a specific noun, especially a person.

Mittitur L. Dēcidius Saxa ¦ quī locī nātūram perspiciat. │ Lucius Decidius Saxa is sent ¦ to examine the ground [literally: Lucius Decidius Saxa is sent¦ who would examine …].

Cūriō praemittit equitēs ¦ quī prīmum impetum sustineant │ Curio sends forward cavalry ¦ to withstand the first attack.

Mīsī legātōs ¦ quī pācem peterent │ I sent ambassadors ¦ to seek peace [literally: … ambassadors ¦ who would seek peace

[ii] ut + subjunctive can also be used, although there is a slight difference in focus:

Either: Caesar mīlitēs mīsit ut senātōrem necārent; the focus is on the purpose of the action i.e. why the soldiers were sent

Or: Caesar mīlitēs mīsit quī senātōrem necārent; the focus is on who was to perform the action

If there were a need to distinguish them in translation:

Caesar mīlitēs mīsit ¦ ut senātōrem necārent │ Caesar sent soldiers ¦ to kill the senator (focus on the purpose)

Caesar mīlitēs mīsit quī senātōrem necārent │ Caesar sent soldiers ¦ who would / who were to kill the senator (focus on who is intended to perform the action)

[iii] Again, note the time sequences i.e. the tense of the verb in the main clause will determine the tense of the subjunctive verb:

[a]

Ēligit [present indicative] mīlitēs ¦ quī pontem custōdiant [present subjunctive] │ He chooses soldiers ¦ to guard the bridge.

Quaerit [present indicative] magistrum ¦ quī puerōs doceat [present subjunctive] │ He is looking for a teacher ¦ to teach the boys.

Mittimus [present indicative] mīlitēs ¦ quī castra defendant [present subjunctive] │ We send soldiers ¦ to defend the camp.

Exiērunt [perfect indicative = English present perfect] senātōrēs quī pācem ab hostibus petant [present subjunctive] │ The senators have gone out ¦ to seek peace from the enemy.

[b]

Dux mīlitēs dēlēgit [perfect indicative] ¦ quī urbem dēfenderent [imperfect subjunctive] │ The general chose soldiers ¦ to defend the city.

Parēns fīlium ad magistrum dūxit [perfect indicative]  ¦ quī eum docēret [imperfect subjunctive] │ The parent led the boy to a teacher ¦ to teach him / … who would teach him.

Rēx lēgātōs mīsit [perfect indicative]  ¦ quī foedus facerent [imperfect subjunctive]  │ The king sent envoys ¦  to make a treaty / … who would make a treaty.

Exiērunt [perfect indicative = English simple past] senātōrēs quī pācem ab hostibus peterent [imperfect subjunctive] │ The senators went out ¦ to seek peace from the enemy.

[iv] Although this type of purpose clause generally refers to a specific person who is (was) to perform the action, it may also be used with an inanimate noun:

Scrībēbat ōrātiōnēs ¦ quās aliī dīcerent. │ He wrote speeches for other men to deliver [ = … speeches ¦ which other men would deliver].

Dux pontem aedificāvit quī exercitum trānsferret │ The general built a bridge ¦ to move the army across [ = …bridge ¦ which would carry across …].

Parāvit arma ¦ quae hostēs terrērent │ He prepared weapons ¦  to frighten the enemy [ = weapons ¦ which would terrify …].

[2] quō + subjunctive

The ablative form quō + subjunctive expresses purpose when a comparative adverb is expressed, an English example being:

I climbed on top of the wall ¦ so that I could see more easily.

Scūtum dēiēcit ¦ quō celerius fugeret. │ He threw away (his) shield ¦ in order that / so that he might escape more quickly.

Mīlitēs mīsit ¦ quō facilius urbem caperent. │ He sent soldiers ¦ so that they might capture the city more easily.

Lentē loquitur ¦ quō melius intellegāmus. │ He is speaking slowly ¦ so that we may understand better.

Lentē loquēbātur ¦ quō melius intellegerēmus. │ He was speaking slowly ¦ so that we might / would / could understand better.

[3] ubi + subjunctive

Ubi is used with the subjunctive to express the intended purpose of a place i.e. it is not describing the place, but what may be done there.

Dēversōrium quaerō ¦ ubi pernoctem. │ I’m looking for an inn to spend the night [ = where I may spend the night].

Amīcus quaerēbat locum ¦ ubi sedēret. │ (My) friend was looking for a place to sit [ = where he might / could sit].

Domum ēlēgērunt ¦ ubi manērent. │ They chose a house to stay in [ = where they might stay].

Latin Tutorial: clauses of purpose

17.05.26: Level 3 (review); a Second Latin Reader (Vincent) [6]: the Death of Orgetorix

Language focus: passive

Propter eās rēs Orgetorīx ab Helvētiīs est accūsātus atque ipse, ut Helvētiī putant, sibi mortem cōnscīvit. Sed Helvētiī post eius mortem cōpiās omnēs ē fīnibus suīs dūcere cōnstituērunt. Inde oppida omnia, aedificia incensa sunt atque omne frūmentum, praeterquam quod sēcum portābant. Postea Rauricī et Tulingī et Latovicī et Boiī, quī trāns Rhēnum incoluerant, impetum contrā Gallōs facere cōnstituērunt.

____________________

For these reasons Orgetorix was accused by the Helvetii and he himself, as the Helvetii think, took his own life. But after his death the Helvetii decided to lead all their forces out of their territory. Then all the towns and buildings were set on fire, and all the grain, except what they were carrying with them. Afterwards the Raurici and the Tulingi and the Latovici and the Boii, who had lived across the Rhine, decided to make an attack against the Gauls.

16.05.26: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [27] [iii]: reading and comprehension (3) higher level (2)

Part 3

Nox iam appropinquat et lūx diēī post collēs cēlātur. Ex summō colle nauta et fīlius eius nūbēs spectant. Omnēs rēs nātūrā silent, quod tempus paene est hominēs animāliaque dormīre. Hispānia est terra grāta. Collēs sunt pulchrī. Populus Hispānus est amīcus. Cibus est bonus. Ubīque laetitia incolārum vidētur. Quamquam Hispānia est terra bona et nōta, Carolus et Maria laetitiam nunc sentiunt quod crās domum ībunt. Prīmā lūce Hispāniam relinquent.

What image of modern Spain is given in the text? (12)

To answer a question such as this, bear in mind the term “marshalling”: selecting, organising, and presenting information from the text in a clear and purposeful way.

Statement + evidence from the text

The text presents Spain as:

(1) beautiful and peaceful

[i] naturally calm and silent (omnēs rēs nātūrā silent)

[ii] hills described as beautiful (collēs sunt pulchrī)

(2) pleasant and welcoming

[i] described as a pleasant land (terra grāta)

[ii] friendly people (populus Hispānus est amīcus)

(3) enjoyable to live in or visit

[i] good food (cibus est bonus)

[ii] happiness seen everywhere among the inhabitants (ubīque laetitia incolārum vidētur)

(4) attractive, but not home for the visitors

Quamquam Hispānia est terra bona et nōta, Carolus et Maria laetitiam nunc sentiunt quod crās domum ībunt.

[i] Although Spain is described as good and well known …

[ii] Carolus and Maria are happy to be returning home

15.05.26: Level 1 (review); Ubi labōrat …? [1]

Ubi labōrat …? │ Where does …. work?

[i] Ubi labōrat ¦ coquus? │ Where does a cook work?

in culīnā │ in a kitchen

coquus in culīnā labōrat │ a cook works in a kitchen

culīna > in culīnā

[ii] Ubi labōrat cōnsul? │ Where does a consul work?

in cūriā │ in the Senate House

cōnsul in cūriā labōrat

cūriā > in cūriā

[iii] Ubi labōrat iūdex? │ Where does a judge work?

in basilicā │ in the law court

iūdex in basilicā labōrat

basilica > in basilicā

[iv] Ubi labōrat magister? │ Where does a teacher work?

in scholā │ in a school

magister in scholā labōrat

schola > in scholā

[v] Ubi labōrat vēnditor? │ Where does a seller work?

in tabernā │ in a shop

vēnditor in tabernā labōrat

taberna > in tabernā

[vi] Ubi labōrat bibliopōla? │ Where does a bookseller work?

in tabernā librāriā│ in a bookshop

bibliopōla in tabernā librāriā labōrat

taberna librāria > in tabernā librāriā

Notes:

[1] culīna > in culīnā

The Latin noun you find in a dictionary or vocabulary list is given in the nominative case; the noun changes its ending depending on its function in a sentence.

All the nouns in the presentation belong to the 1^st declension i.e. they all take the same endings.

All the sentences put the nouns ending in -a into the ablative case with the preposition in [in; on].

The difference is slight: the short /a/ sound of the nominative case becomes long in the ablative case i.e. ā. In edited texts this is marked with a macron, a line above the vowel. In original Latin literature that was almost never indicated.

This distinction is not crucial for meaning, since the preposition in already makes the function clear. It mainly affects pronunciation.

It is not of the greatest importance to get that right; if you want to practise the structures of Latin by speaking the language, then the priority is to speak and not to worry too much about whether you sound like a Roman poet!

If you want an approximation, then say the word banana [ba-nA-na; /bəˈnɑː.nə/] where the English pronunciation makes the first and third syllables closer to /u/ as in ‘but’. However, the middle vowel is longer and has the distinct /a/ sound as in father which is the equivalent of Latin ā. I would not lose too much sleep over it.

[2] coquus in culīnā labōrat │ a cook works in a kitchen

The verb is normally at the end of a Latin sentence, but this is by no means a hard and fast rule; coquus labōrat in culīnā [i.e. like the English word order] is also correct.

[3]

cōnsul: a chief magistrate in the Roman Republic, and a political title given during the Roman Empire. The Romans used two different ways of expressing the year, and sometimes both are written in the same text. One of these was consular dating: two consuls were elected each year, serving together, each with veto power over the other's actions. Roman years were customarily denoted according to the names of the two consuls who held office that year.

cōnsulāris: somebody who had previously held the office of consul

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul

[4]

basilica: a large multi-purpose public building which could also function as a law court

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica

Image #1: Marcus Tullius Cicero, the most famous consul of Rome

Image #2: the basilica of Pompeii

14.05.26; Level 3+; Subjunctive [37] dependent uses; tense sequences [ii] practice

These two exercises are deliberately intended for you to focus on subtlety. The sequence of tenses discussed in the previous post do not only apply to clauses of purpose. However, here we will only use this clause type.

[1] Translate the following sentences:

[i] Domum iter fac ut captīvōs dēfendās.

[ii] Domum iter faciēbat ut captīvōs dēfenderet.

[iii] Mox domum iter fēcerit ut captīvōs dēfendat.

[iv] Postērō diē domum iter fēcerat ut captīvōs dēfenderet.

[v] Rōmam adīmus ut aurum celātum inveniāmus.

[vi] 2 subjunctives in the same sentence (hortatory and purpose)

Rōmam (1) adeāmus (2) ut aurum celātum inveniāmus.

[vii] Ad scholam currō ut discipulum cōnfīrmem.

[viii] Ad scholam cucurrī ut discipulum cōnfirmerem.

[ix] Ad Galliam fugite ut hostēs saevōs ēvādere possītis.

[x] Ad Galliam fugērunt ut hostēs saevōs ēvādere possent.

[xi] Pompeiās redībāmus ut vīllam emerēmus.

[xii] Pompeiās redīte ut vīllam emātis.

[xiii] Dominus servum in vincula iēcit nē fugeret.

[xiv] Dominus servum in vincula iaciet nē fugiat.

[xv] Cīvēs saxa iēcerant nē hostēs urbem caperent.

Again, a sentence with (1) a hortatory subjunctive, and (2) subjunctive of purpose

[xvi] Saxa (1) iaciāmus (2) nē hostēs urbem capiant.

[2]

Match the Latin sentences with the English translations listed below.

[i] Puer ad macellum mittitur ut pānem emat.

[ii] Puer ad macellum saepe mittēbātur ut pānem emeret.

Careful with the next two: remember that the Latin perfect can translate in two different ways in English.

[iii] Puer ad macellum missus est ut pānem emeret.

[iv] Puer ad macellum missus est ut pānem emat.

[v] Puer ad macellum missus erat ut pānem emeret.

[vi] Puer ad macellum missus erit ut pānem emat.

[vii] Mitte puerum ad macellum ut pānem emat.

Send the boy to the market so that he may buy bread.

The boy had been sent to the market to buy bread.

The boy has been sent to the market to buy bread.

The boy is being sent to the market to buy bread / … so that (in order that) he may buy bread

The boy was often sent to the market to buy bread. / …so  that (in order that) he would buy bread

The boy was sent to the market to buy bread.

The boy will have been sent to the market to buy bread.

____________________

[1]

[i] Make a journey home so that you may defend the prisoners.

[ii] He was making a journey home in order that he might defend / (in order) to defend the captives.

[iii] Soon he will have made a journey home in order that he may defend / (in order) to defend the captives.

[iv] The next day he had made the journey home in order that he might defend the captives.

[v] We go to Rome in order that we may find the hidden gold.

[vi] (1) Let’s go (Latin: hortatory subjunctive) to Rome ¦ (2) in order that we may find / (in order) to find the hidden gold.

[vii] I’m running to the school in order that I may support / (in order) to support the student.

[viii] I ran to the school in order that I might support / (in order) to support the student.

[ix] Flee to Gaul in order that you may be able to escape the savage enemies.

[x] They fled to Gaul in order that they might be able to escape the savage enemies.

[xi] We were returning to Pompeii in order that we might buy a villa.

[xii] Return to Pompeii so that you may buy the villa.

[xiii] The master put the slave into chains so that he would not flee.

[xiv] The master will throw the slave into chains so that he may not escape.

[xv] The citizens had thrown stones so that the enemies would not capture the city.

[xvi] (1) Let’s throw (Latin: hortatory subjunctive) stones ¦ (2) so that the enemies do not capture the city.

[2]

[i] The boy is being sent to the market to buy bread / … so that (in order that) he may buy bread

[ii] The boy was often sent to the market to buy bread. / …so  that (in order that) he would buy bread

[iii] The boy was sent to the market to buy bread.

[iv] The boy has been sent to the market to buy bread.

[v] The boy had been sent to the market to buy bread.

[vi] The boy will have been sent to the market to buy bread.

[vii] Send the boy to the market so that he may buy bread.