20.09.24: Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [22]

Caesar, ubi cōpiās et nāvēs ad portum Itium convocāverat, omnēs rēs ad bellum Britannicum parāvit. Inde Caesar legiōnēs in octōgintā nāvibus onerāriīs trānsportāvit : XVIII nāvēs onerāriās equitibus distribuit. Quīntus Titūrius Sabīnus et Lūcius Aurunculēius Cotta, lēgātī, exercitum reliquum dūxērunt contrā Morinōs et Menapiōs, quī erant gentēs Gallicae. Pūblius Sulpicius Rūfus cum praesidiō portum Itium tenēbat. Inde Caesar tertiā ferē vigiliā ubi tempestās erat idōnea, solvit. Equitēs etiam, quī ad portum ulteriōrem prōcesserant, nāvēs cōnscendērunt.

praesidium, -ī [2/n] has various meanings depending on context: [i] protection; defence [ii] assistance [iii] (here) garrison, but can also refer to a convoy or an escort

solvō, -ere, solvī [3]: [i] loosen; untie [ii] (here) set sail i.e. loosen the moorings (of a ship)

tempestās, tempestātis [3/f] can mean storm, but also a more general meaning of “weather”

ulterior, ulterius: further; more remote this is the comparative form of the adjective, the equivalent of English longer or more beautiful. This feature of the language will be discussed in detail in later posts.

____________________

Caesar, when he had summoned troops and ships to the port of Itius, prepared all things for the British war. Then Caesar transported the legions in eighty cargo ships: he distributed eighteen cargo ships to the cavalry. Quintus Titurius Sabinus and Lucius Aurunculius Cotta, as envoys, led the rest of the army against the Morini and Menapii, who were Gallic tribes. Publius Sulpicius Rufus held the port of Itius with a garrison. Then, at about the third watch, when the weather was suitable, Caesar set sail. The horsemen also, who had proceeded to the further port, boarded the ships.

____________________

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menapii

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itius_Portus

Campaign Map of 55 and 54 BC by Towle & Jenks

[3] “tertiā ferē vigiliā”: the night was divided into four “watches” (vigiliae) from sunset to sunrise

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/220324-ordinal-numbers-2-telling-time.html

https://dcc.dickinson.edu/caesar/book-4/chapter-4-24

[4] detailed information concerning the role of a legātus can be found here:

https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=legatus-harpers

20.09.24: level 2; revise numbers [3](3); rapid reading (3)

Match the Latin numbers with both types of numerals

[A]

quīngentī quīndecim

quīnquāgintā quīnque

trecentī quīnquāgintā quattuor

trecentī quīnque et quadrāgintā

55; 345; 354; 515

CCCLIV; CCCXLV; DXV; LV

[B]

septingentī duodēquadrāgintā

septingentī sēdecim

septingentī sexāgintā ūnus

septuāgintā sex

sēscentī septendecim

sēscentī sexāgintā

sex et sexāgintā

66; 617; 660; 76; 716; 738; 761

DCCLXI; DCCXVI; DCCXXXVIII; DCLX; DCXVII; LXVI; LXXVI

[C]

nōngentī nōnāgintā

nōngentī ūndēcentum

nōngentī ūndēvīgintī

octingentī duodenonāgintā

octingentī quadrāgintā ūnus

octingentī quattuordecim

quadringentī octōgintā ūnus

481; 814; 841; 888; 919; 990; 999

CDLXXXI; CMXC; CMXCIX; CMXIX; DCCCLXXXVIII; DCCCXIV; DCCCXLI

20.09.24: adverbs [8]; -tim / -ātim

It is useful, although not essential, to see how adverbs are grouped as a way of remembering them. The adverbs listed here use the suffixes –tim and -ātim; these suffixes are not the same and are known as ‘adverbial markers’ i.e. they create adverbs from other words, the examples below showing the creation of adverbs from nouns, verbs and adjectives:

-tim

fūr (thief) + -tim: ‘like a thief’ > fūrtim: secretly

stō (to stand) +‎ -tim > statim: immediately

certō (contend, strive) +‎ -tim > certātim: earnestly; eagerly

-ātim

paulus (little) + -ātim: little by little; gradually

gradus (step) + -ātim > gradātim: step by step

verbum (word) +‎ -ātim > verbātim: word for word (late Latin)

The last example verbātim, first appearing in Late Latin, is still used in Modern English, with exactly the same meaning.

Complete the translations with the appropriate adverbs.

1. Mārcus fūrtim ascendit arborem. │ Marcus climbed the tree __________.
2. Paulātim ex castrīs discēdēbant. │ They were __________ departing from the camp.
3. Morbus plērumque gradātim accēdit. │ In general the disease happens __________.
4. Titus statim surrēxit, quod commōtus erat.  │ Titus got up __________ because he had been disturbed.
5. Mulierēs puerīque prō tēctīs aedificiōrum saxa … certātim mittēbant. │ Women and boys from the roofs of the buildings were __________ pelting (them) with stones.

19.09.24: Level 1; Ora Maritima [11](4); notes

Magister noster vir doctus est, sed [1] lūdōrum perītus. [2] Nōbīs puerīs cārus est. Inter fēriās patruum meum interdum vīsitat. Dextra magistrī nostrī valida est, et puerī pigrī nec dextram nec magistrum amant.

 “Nōn amo tē, Sabidī, nec possum dīcere quārē.

Hōc tantum possum dīcere: nōn amo tē.”*

Magistrum nōn amant quia librōs Graecōs et Latīnōs nōn amant. Nam discipulī scholae nostrae linguīs antīquīs operam dant, atque scientiīs mathēmaticīs. [2] Magistrō nostrō magna cōpia est librōrum pulchrōrum. Schola nostra antīqua et clāra est: nōn solum librīs sed etiam lūdīs operam damus. Schola nostra nōn in Cantiō est. In vīcō nostrō est lūdus litterārius, [3] crēber puerīs et puellīs, līberīs agricolārum. Sed ego cum Marcō et Alexandrō, amīcīs meīs, ad Ventam Belgārum discipulus sum.

Vocabulary

dextra, -ae [1/f] right hand

doctus, -a, -um: educated; learned

lūdus litterārius: primary school

Venta Belgārum: town in Britannia (Winchester)

[1] perītus, -a, -um [+ genitive]: skilled [in]

lūdōrum perītus: skilled in games

[2] Dative usage:

[i] Nōbīs puerīs cārus est. │He is dear to us boys [= we boys like him a lot]

[ii] Magistrō nostrō ¦ magna cōpia [ii] est ¦ librōrum pulchrōrum.

Literally: [i] To our teacher ¦ [ii] there is a large quantity ¦ of beautiful books = Our teacher has a large number of beautiful books.

[3] crēber, crēbra, crēbrum [+ ablative case]: thick; dense; (here) crowded / packed [with]

lūdus … crēber puerīs et puellīs, līberīs agricolārum.  │ a school … packed with boys and girls, the children of farmers.

*The lines quoted in the text are from the Roman poet Martial: Epigram XXXII

“Nōn amo tē, Sabidī, nec possum dīcere quārē. │ I do not like you, Sabidius, nor can I say why.

Hōc tantum possum dīcere: nōn amo tē.” │ Only this I can say: I do not like you.

I don’t like you, Sabidius, and tell you why I cannot. / I can only tell you this: like you, no I do not.

There’s a story attached to this:

The English poet Tom Brown (1662 – 1704) had been expelled from an Oxford college, the Dean of which – John Fell – said that Brown could be reinstated if he could immediately translate this epigram. Brown replied:

I do not love thee, Dr Fell,

The reason why I cannot tell;

But this I know, and know full well,

I do not love thee, Dr Fell.

The story – unverified – is that Fell was impressed by the translation and Brown was allowed to continue at Oxford.

19.09.24: Level 1; Maxey [14](1); text + questions

Lines 1 - 6

Haec casa est domus fēminae benignae. Casa est casa alba. Post casam est hortus. Prope hortum est silva. In hortō sunt multī et pulchrī flōrēs. Sunt rosae rubrae et līlia purpurea quoque. Alta sunt līlia et pulchrae sunt rosae. Sunt aliī flōrēs quoque in hortō. Grātī fēminae benignae sunt flōrēs. Fēmina hortum nōn cūrat. Vir quī in aliā casā habitat [Line 5] hortum cūrat. Aestāte hortum cūrat; hieme nōn cūrat quod hieme sunt nūllī flōrēs in hortō. Bene vir labōrat. Cārus virō est hortus.

Complete the translation with the missing words:

This cottage is the house of a __________ woman. The cottage is a __________ cottage. __________  the cottage is a garden. __________ the garden is a forest. In the garden are __________ __________ flowers. There are __________ roses and also __________ lilies. The lilies are __________ and the roses are __________. There are also __________ flowers in the garden. The flowers are __________ to the __________ woman. The woman does not take care of the garden. A man __________ lives in __________ cottage looks after the garden. In __________ he looks after the garden; in __________ he doesn’t take care of the garden __________ in __________ there are __________ flowers in the garden. The man works __________. The garden is __________ to the man.

Lines 7 - 14

Hodiē vir nōn est in hortō. Herī hīc erat. Hodiē hīc nōn est. Est aestās et in hortō est quiēs. Fēmina quiētem amat. Mox fēmina puerum lacrimantem audit. Ad iānuam it. Nūllus puer est in viā. Mox puerum quī in hortō labōrat videt. Est fīlius virī quī hortum [Line 10] cūrat. Hodiē puer hortum cūrat et lacrimat. Puer nōn est in perīculō; nōn timet. Cūr lacrimat? Fēmina puerum ad sē vocat. Fēmina hoc dīcit: “Cūr lacrimās, puer?” Tum puer respondet: “Pater meus ad oppidum it et ego labōrō. Ego quoque ad oppidum īre cupiō. Duōs equōs habet et ego equōs amō. In stabulō frūmentum equīs dō. Aquam quoque dō. Ūnum equum semper cūrō. Ego quoque cum patre et equīs īre cupio.”

[i] Lines 7 – 9: In what order are the following first mentioned?

(peace and) quiet; a single word conveys this meaning

a boy working in a garden

going to a door

hearing a boy crying

liking the peace and quiet

seeing nobody in the street

summer

the man’s son

today

yesterday

[ii]  Lines 10 – 14: The following statements are false; correct them.

[1] The boy is in danger but he’s not afraid.

[2] The boy calls the woman to him.

[3] His father lives in town.

[4] The boy wants to stay in the garden.

[5] His father gives food to the horses in the field.

[6] The boy only gives the horses water.

[7] The boy takes care of both horses.

[8] His father wants to go with the horses.

Lines 15 - 19

[Line 15] Fēmina quae est fēmina benigna est maesta. Miserum puerum! Fēmina et puer cēnam edunt. Tum fēmina flōrēs ex hortō capit et ad oppidum it. Cum feminā it puer parvus quī nunc nōn lacrimat. Mox virum quī hortum cūrat fēmina videt et dē puerō parvō quī nōn est puer malus nārrat. Fēmina et vir et puer colloquium habent. Multās hōrās ibi manent. Vesperī domum eunt.

Make ten sentences using three parts to match the Latin in the text. Some words are used more than once.

____________________

• For many hours they stay there.
• In the evening they go home.
• Soon the woman sees the man.
• The little boy goes with the woman.
• The woman is sad.
• The woman talks about the boy.
• The woman takes flowers.
• The woman goes to town.
• The woman and the boy eat dinner.
• The woman and the man and the boy have a conversation.

19.09.24: Level 1; review; practice in the cases [7]; reading lectiō 32 / interrogātiō 33

§32

Rōmānī Crassō magnam prōvinciam dant. Rōmānī Crassō multōs equōs dant. Rōmānī Crassō magnam cōpiam frūmentī dant. Magnum numerum iūmentōrum Crassō dant. Multa pīla et multōs gladiōs Crassō dant. Magna tormenta Crassō dant. Nam Parthī bellum Rōmānīs parant. Magnum proelium Crassō parant. Parthī bonōs equōs habent. Parthī bonās sagittās sagittāriīs dant. Multās cōpiās habent Rōmānī. Multās habent Parthī. Sed Mārs victōriam Parthīs dat. Parthī Rōmānōs superant. Parthī Rōmānōs fugant. Multī Rōmānī sunt mortuī. Mortuus est Crassus. Dāvus Rōmānīs Parthōrum victōriam nūntiat.

Sentence building: Find the Latin, fill in the bracketed spaces by identifying the cases in bold – both singular and plural - being used.

[1] The Romans [nominative __________ ] give …

[2] The Romans give a large province [ __________ singular] …

[3] The Romans give a large province to Crassus [ __________ __________ ].

[4] The Romans give │ many horses [ __________ plural ] │ to Crassus.

[5] The Romans have │many troops [ __________ __________ ].

[6] Many Romans [ __________ __________ ] │ are dead.

[7] They give │large siege machines [ __________ __________ ] │to Crassus.

[8] The Romans give │a large amount │of grain [ __________ __________ ] │ to Crassus.

[9] They are preparing │a great battle [ __________ __________ ] │for Crassus.

[10] They give │a large number [ __________ __________ ] │ of beasts of burden [ __________ __________ ]  │ to Crassus.

[11] The Parthians [ __________ __________ ] │give good arrows [ __________ __________ ] │to the archers [ __________ __________ ].

[12] Davus [ __________ __________ ] │ announces the victory │of the Parthians [ __________ __________ ] │to the Romans [ __________ __________ ].

§33: interrogātiō

Cui? │ to / for whom (singular)

Quibus? │ to / for whom (plural)

1. Cui Rōmānī prōvinciam dant?
2. Cui equōs dant?
3. Cui frūmentum dant ?
4. Cui iūmenta dant?
5. Cui tēla dant?
6. Quibus Rōmānī bellum parant?
7. Cui proelium parant?
8. Quibus Parthī sagittās dant?
9. Quibus Mārs victōriam nūntiat?

18.09.24: Remembering a soldier

The tombstone was found in England and, given that two people are remembered on it, both of whom have the same first name i.e. Flavius - and their respective ages - they are probably father and son. The inscription is roughly produced with variant spelling e.g. VISI(T) / VIXIT (lived) and ANIS / ANNI (years)

Perhaps D B M

FLA FVSCINVS EM(E) (the E and M are connected)

EX ORDI VISI ANIS LV

D B M

FLA ROMANVS ACT

VIXIT ANNI XXXV

IN CAS . INTF . AB . HOSTI

Line 1: Perhaps (but plausible) D(is) (Manibus) (et) B(onae) M(emoriae) │ to the shades of the Dead and good memory

Line 2: Fla(vius) Fuscinus eme(ritus) │ Flavius Fuscinus retired

Line 3: ex ordi(nato)] visi(t) an(n)is LV │ former centurion lived for 55 years

Line 4: D(is) (Manibus) (et) B(onae) M(emoriae) │To the shades of the Dead

Line 5: Fla(vius) Romanus act(arius) │Flavius Romanus military clerk

Line 6: vixit anni(s) XXXV │lived 35 years

Line 7: in cas(tris) int(er)f(ectus) ab hosti(bus) │ killed by the enemy in the camp / fort

actārius, -ī [2/m] (military) clerk (post-Classical; 3rd century)

emeritus, -a, -um: having done one’s service i.e. retired

interfectus, -a, -um: killed

ōrdinātus: this term is increasingly used from the late 2nd / early 3rd century to refer to a centurion

18.09.24: One ‘naughty’ praetorian - allegedly

In the Annales, Tacitus writes about Sejanus, the prefect of the Praetorian Guard under Emperor Tiberius. Tacitus presents him as a ruthless go-getter, stopping at nothing – including murder – to achieve his aim of supremacy. After a short preamble, this is what Tacitus first writes about Sejanus. Take a look at how he expresses it:

non sine rumore Apicio diviti et prodigo stuprum veno dedisse │ not without a rumour that he had disposed of his virtue at a price to Apicius, a rich man and a spendthrift

Tacitus states that Sejanus committed sexual acts for money and with a male. More than that, the use of stuprum suggests that Sejanus performed the “woman’s role” in this financial relationship; for the Romans that was the lowest of the low.

But Tacitus doesn’t ‘state’ it; he alleges it. In other parts of his work Tacitus argues that he rejects rumour and relies on authoritative reports. That, however, does not stop him from including this one – with no stated source – and one that blackens the character of Sejanus from the outset, serving as the “curtain raiser” for a stream of negative narrative. “Not without rumour” is really no different from the ‘safety net’ of the word ‘allegedly’, a word that distances the journalist from responsibility; it isn’t the journalist who’s saying that a politician is engaged in disgraceful acts, but other people are. And, both in Ancient Rome and now, the line between truth and fifty shades of fabrication is blurred.

Note: Sejanus was eventually condemned to death, but not for anything that he allegedly got up to with Apicius!

Far more information about Sejanus is available at:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejanus

Sejanus (Seianus), Lucius Aelius; Roman Praetorian prefect, favourite of Emperor Tiberius; c. 20 / 16 BC. 31 AD. “Sejanus is arrested and condemned to death”

18.09.24: Level 1; military vocabulary [5]

hostis, -is [3/m] often in the plural i.e. hostēs: enemy; this word is used in a military context whereas a personal enemy is referred to as inimīcus, -ī [2/m]

socius, -ī [2/m]: ally

__________

bellum, -ī [2/n]: war

proelium, -ī [2/n]: battle

pugna, -ae [1/f]: fight; battle

__________

fuga, -ae [1/f]: flight i.e. the act of fleeing

impetus, -ūs [4/m]: attack

__________

clādēs, -is [3/f] [i] destruction; disaster [ii] (in war / battle) defeat

victōria, -ae [1/f]: victory

__________

captīvus, -ī [2/m]: prisoner; captive

custōs, custōdis [3/m]: guard; jailer

obses, obsidis [3 m/f]: hostage

__________

praesidium, -ī [2/n]: guard; garrison

praetōriānus, -a, -um: pertaining to the praetorian guard

praetōriānus mīles: a soldier of the imperial bodyguard; a praetorian

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Guard

statiō, statiōnis [3/f]: post; station (i.e. being stationed or positioned somewhere); duty

vigilia, -ae [1/f]: (keeping) watch; men on watch; used in Roman timekeeping to referring to the four equally divided “watches” of the night

vigiliā prīmā noctis (Livy) │ at the first watch of the night

18.09.24: Level 1; military vocabulary [4]

Note: information on the divisions of the Roman army can be lengthy and involve different interpretations of the numbers of soldiers in each division, and so the vocabulary here is not going into detail; I’ve provided links

auxilia, -ōrum [2 / n / pl]: auxiliary troops

centuria, -ae [1/f]: a company of Roman infantry

cohors, cohortis [3/f]: cohort, a military unit

https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=cohors-harpers

cōpiae, -ārum [1 / f / pl]: troops

exercitus, -ūs [4/m]: army

https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=exercitus-harpers

legiō, legiōnis [3/f]: legion

https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=legio-harpers

agmen, agminis [3/m]: column of soldiers

aciēs, aciēī [5/f]: battle-line

aciēs triplex: a type of battle formation

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/160424-acies-triplex.html

castra, castrōrum [2/n/pl]: camp

fossa, -ae [1/f]: ditch; moat

impedimenta [2/n/pl]: luggage; equipment i.e. everything that the army took with them

ōrdō, ōrdinis [3/m]: line / rank of soldiers

tormentum, -ī [2/n]: siege machine

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/130724-examples-of-roman-seige-engines.html

vāllum, -ī [2/n]: (defensive) wall; rampart

18.09.24: a well-known praefectus

In the previous post, the term praefectus, a prefect or governor of a province, was referred to. The image shows a stone discovered in Caesarea Maritima which was the capital of Roman Judaea. It has much of its wording missing and there is considerable conjecture as to precisely what it said. Despite that, the name and political office of one of the most famous prefects of Rome is clearly there.

Below in [square brackets] is what they think it might say; the parts which are not in square brackets are absolutely clear.

Line 1 [DIS AVGVSTI]S TIBERIÉVM │ possibly referring to the deified Augustus and Livia, the stepfather and mother of Tiberius; TIBERIEVM; the stone commemorates the dedication of a building to Tiberius although what that building was is uncertain since the stone itself was recycled much later to form part of a staircase.

https://madainproject.com/pilate_stone

There are, however, other intepretations of the first line:

https://www.ministrymagazine.org/.../pontius-pilate-and...

It is, however, the second and third line which are of interest:

Line 2 [...PONTI]VS PILATVS │ Pontius Pilatus

Line 3 [...PRAEF]ECTVS IVDA[EA]E │ Prefect of Judea

Line 4 [D]E[DIT] (or [D]E[DICAVIT]) │ has given / dedicated (this); this makes sense because, in this type of inscription, and you find them a lot on tombstones, FECIT (has made) or DEDIT (has given) or DEDICAVIT (has dedicated) will appear with reference to the person who organised and / or financed the project.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilate_stone

18.09.24: Level 1; military vocabulary [3]

tribūnus, -ī [2/m]: can have more than one meaning; in civilian politics, the word can refer to the tribunes of the plebs i.e. a political office available to the plebeians (the Roman commoners); in a military context – tribūnī mīlitum – they were superior officers.

https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=tribuni-militum-harpers

lēgātus, -ī [2/m]: sometimes a tricky word to “pin down”, but it often refers to ‘envoys’ or ‘ambassadors’; in the literature, you will often read of them being sent to negotiate. It can mean ‘lieutenant’ or ‘commander’ but has a far wider use.

https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=legatus-harpers

dux, ducis [3/m]: commander; general; captain

imperātor, imperātōris [2/m]: can mean ‘emperor’ but, in the military, it was a title awarded to a general who had achieved his first major victory either by a declaration of the Senate or, indeed, by his own soldiers

aurīga, -ae [1/m]: charioteer

centuriō, centuriōnis [3/m]: centurion

eques, equitis [3/m]: horseman; cavalryman

essedārius, -ī [2/m]: [i] charioteer from Gaul or Britannia; gladiator who fights from a chariot

mīles, mīlitis [3/m]: soldier

nūntius, -ī [2/m]: messenger

praefectus, -ī [2/m]: the person who "has been put in charge" (of something) and has more than a military meaning; [i] in the army it can refer to a commander, for example praefectus castrōrum, the camp commander [ii] in Roman provincial management, the praefectus referred to the governor of a province

sagittārius, -ī [2/m]: archer

speculātor, speculātōris [3/m]: scout; spy

18.09.24: Level 1; military vocabulary [2]

aquilifer, -ī [2/m]: standard-bearer (specifically referring to the officer who held the eagle standard of the legion)

aquila, -ae [1/f]: eagle; the eagle standard carried by the legion

signifer, -ī [2/m]: standard-bearer

signum, -ī [2/n]: military standard; ensign; signum dō, -are [1]: to give the signal (to attack)

cornicen, cornicinis [3/m]: bugler; trumpeter; horn blower

tubicen, tubicinis [3/m]: trumpet player

cornū, -ūs [4/n]: (musical) horn; also: wing of an army

tuba, -ae [1/f]: long trumpet; war trumpet

18.09.24: British Museum Exhibition: Legion – Life in the Roman Army; introduction by the Richard Abdy, the Lead Curator

 

18.09.24: Level 1; military vocabulary [1]; you can’t avoid it …

Whether it was with the Carthaginians, or the Gauls or the Britons – or amongst themselves – the one thing you can’t avoid in the Roman authors is a fight. Vocabulary related to the military comes up again and again and it is useful to become familiar with the most common terms.

Unless you’re deeply into Roman military history, knowing the “fine details” of certain words isn’t essential: cohors, legio, centuria, for example, refer to divisions, companies, groups in the army and, generally, it’s enough to know that, and different sources will give different details. Similarly, when the Britons were hurling tela at the Romans, that word has a very general meaning of “missiles”, and certain words can refer to different roles both military and civilian.

I’ve broken it up into sections – partly based on the link below - and given some notes, additional vocabulary and links that provide further details.

https://www.worldhistory.org/.../organisation-of-the.../

legiōnārius, -a, -um: pertaining to the legion; legionary

legiōnāriī mīlitēs legiōnis X (Caesar; slightly adapted): legionary soldiers of the tenth legion

arma, -ōrum [2 / n / pl]: weapons

caligae, -arum [1 / f / pl]: military boots [see image]

funda, -ae [1/f]: hand-sling

galea, -ae [1/f]: helmet

gladius, -ī [2/m]: sword

hasta, -ae [1/f]: spear; lance

iaculum, -ī [2/n]: dart; javelin

lōrīca, -ae [1/f] segmentāta: plate armour made of metal strips [see image]

pilum, -ī [2/n]: javelin; throwing spear

sagitta, -ae [1/f]: arrow

scūtum, -ī [2/n]: shield [see image]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutum_from_Dura-Europos

tēlum, -ī [2/n]: offensive “missile” e.g. spear or javelin; offensive weapons

tunica, -ae [1/f]: sleeveless; knee-length tunic, but not only worn by the military, a standard type of clothing worn by the Romans

 

An original caliga found at Qasr Ibrim, Egypt, c. 1st century BC – 1st century AD

By Prioryman - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18435521

18.09.24: level 2; revise numbers [3](2); rapid reading (2)

Match the Latin numbers with both types of numerals

[A]

quadrāgintā                                                      

quadrāgintā quattuor                                        

quadringentī                                                     

quadringentī quadrāgintā                                  

quadringentī quattuor                                                                             

40; 400; 44; 440; 404

CD; CDIV; CDXL; XL; XLIV

[B]

ducentī septem et trīgintā

ducentī septuāgintā trēs

ducentī tredecim

ducentī trēs

ducentī trīgintā

ducentī trīgintā quattuor

203; 213; 230; 234; 237; 273

CCIII; CCLXXIII; CCXIII; CCXXX; CCXXXIV; CCXXXVII

[C]

centum duodētrīgintā

centum duodēvīgintī

centum octōgintā

centum vīgintī

118; 120; 128; 180

CLXXX; CXVIII; CXX; CXXVIII

18.09.24: adverbs [7](2); interrogative adverbs (2)

Complete the translations with the appropriate adverbs.

1. Ō rūs, quandō ego tē aspiciam? │ Oh, countryside, __________ shall I look at you?
2. Quōmodo id cognōscis? │ __________ can you tell?
3. Unde contrāxistī morbum? │ __________ did you contract the disease?
4. Ubi terrārum est? │ __________ on earth is he?
5. Quid gladiō pugnās incurvō? │ __________ do you fight with a bent sword?
6. Ubi inveniam Pamphilium? Ubi quaeram? │ __________ can I find Pamphilus? __________ should I look?
7. Cūr in terrā iacēs? │ __________ are you lying on the ground?
8. Num dubium est? │ There’s no doubt, __________?
9. Unde vēnistī? │ __________ have you come __________?
10. Quārē facis sīc servīs tuīs? │ __________ do you deal with your servants in this way?
11. Quō abiērunt frātrēs tuī? │ __________ have your brothers gone __________?
12. Quotiēns haec verba dīcam? │ __________ shall I say these words?

18.09.24: adverbs [7](1); interrogative adverbs (1)

Interrogative adverbs seek information about where, why, when or how an action was performed. Some examples are listed below but there are others.

[1] cūr: why?

[2] quārē: by what means?; how?; why?

[3] quid as an interrogative pronoun means ‘what?’:

Quid dīxistī? │ What did you say?

Quid, as an interrogative adverb, means ‘why; what for?’

[4] num; nōnne

num was already discussed in an earlier unit. It is used in a direct question, expecting the answer ‘no’:

Num Sparta īnsula est? Sparta’s not an island, is it?│Surely Sparta’s not an island?

nōnne is also used in a direct question, but expects a 'yes' answer:

Nōnne intellegis? │ You understand, don't you? / Surely you understand?

[5] quandō: when?

[6] quō: to where? [arch. whither?]

[7] quōmodo: how?; in what way?

[8] ubi: where?

[9] unde: from where? [arch. whence?]

17.09.24: Level 1; Ora Maritima [11](3); cloze (2)

[1] __________ nōn amant quia [2] __________ Graecōs et [3] __________ nōn amant. Nam [4] __________ scholae [5] __________ linguīs [6] __________ operam dant, atque scientiīs mathēmaticīs. [7] __________ [8] __________ magna cōpia est [9] __________ pulchrōrum. Schola [10] __________ antīqua et clāra est: nōn solum [11] __________ sed etiam lūdīs operam damus. Schola nostra nōn in Cantiō est. In vīcō [12] __________ est lūdus litterārius, crēber [13] __________ et puellīs, [14] __________ [15] __________ . Sed ego cum Marcō et Alexandrō, amīcīs [16] __________, ad Ventam Belgārum discipulus sum.

Choose the correct form of the word for each gap.

Some of the questions want you to hear the difference between

[i] liber (short /i/), librī [2/m]: book

[ii] līberī, (long /ī/) -ōrum [2/m/plural]: children

[1] (a) magistrō (b) magistrum (c) magister

[2] (a) librōs (b) līberōs (c) librīs

[3] (a) Latīnīs (b) Latīnās (c) Latīnōs

[4] (a) discipulī (b) discipulae (c) discipulīs

[5] (a) nostrī (b) nostrā (c) nostrae

[6] (a) antīquās (b) antīquōs (c) antiquīs

[7] (a) Magistrō (b) Magistrum (c) Magistrī

[8] (a) nostrō (b) nostrōs (c) nostrīs

[9] (a) līberōrum (b) librōrum (c) librum

[10] (a) nostrā (b) nostrae (c) nostra

[11] (a) librōs (b) līberīs (c) librīs

[12] (a) nostrōs (b) nostrō (c) nostrā

[13] (a) puerī (b) puerōs (c) puerīs

[14] (a) līberīs (b) librōs (c) librīs

[15] (a) agricolae  (b) agricolam (c) agricolārum

[16] (a) meī (b) meīs (c) meōs

17.09.24: Level 1; Ora Maritima [11](2); cloze (1)

[1] ­­__________ vir doctus est, sed [2] ­­__________ perītus. 

[3] ­­__________ cārus est. Inter [4] _________ patruum meum interdum vīsitat. 

Dextra [5] ­­__________ valida est, et [6] ­­__________ nec dextram nec magistrum amant.

“Nōn amo __________, Sabidī, __________ possum dīcere __________.

__________ __________ possum dīcere: nōn amo tē.”

[A] Choose the correct word or phrase for each gap

[1] A. Magistri nostrī │B. Magister noster│C. Magistrum nostrum

[2] A. lūdōrum │B. lūdum │C. lūdō

[3] A. Nōs puerōs │B. Nōs puerī │C. Nōbīs puerīs

[4] A. fēriae │B. fēriīs │C. fēriās

[5] A. Magistri nostrī │B. Magistrō nostrō │C. Magistrum nostrum

[6] A. puerīs pigrīs │B. puerī pigrī │C. puerōs pigrōs

[B] Complete the poem with the words below:

hoc; nec; quārē; tantum; tē

17.09.24: Level 1; review; practice in the cases [6]; 1st / 2nd declension nouns and adjectives; dative case singular and plural

Lectiō §30

Dative singular: -ae; -ō

nautae ¦ aurum dat │ (s)he gives gold ¦ to the sailor

servō ¦ aurum dat │ (s)he gives gold ¦ to the slave

oppidō ¦ aurum dat │ (s)he gives gold ¦ to the town

Dative plural: -īs

nautīs ¦ aurum dat │ (s)he gives gold ¦ to the sailors

servīs ¦ aurum dat │ (s)he gives gold ¦ to the slaves

oppidīs ¦ aurum dat │ (s)he gives gold ¦ to the towns

Lesbia est fīlia Brūtī. Brūtus fīliae dat vaccam. Lesbiae dat vaccam candidam. Lesbia Brūtō cāra est. Brūtus Lesbiae cārus est. Vacca quoque Lesbiae cāra est. Lesbia vaccam "Caeliam" vocat. Lesbia vaccae cibum dat. Vaccae herbam dat. Vaccae herbam amant. Agricolae vaccīs herbam saepe dant. Lesbia ipsa vaccae cibum parat. Lesbia ipsa vaccae aquam dat. Quam cāra Lesbiae est vacca! Quam cāra parvae vaccae est Lesbia. Lesbia Brūtum plūs quam Caeliam amat. Sed Brutus est pater: Caelia est vacca.

[1] Find the Latin for the words in bold:

Dative singular: first declension

• Brutus gives a cow to (his) daughter.
• He gives a white cow to Lesbia.
• Lesbia gives food to the cow.
• She gives grass to the cow.
• Lesbia herself gives water to the cow.
• Lesbia herself prepares food for the cow.
• Brutus is dear to Lesbia.
• The cow is also dear to Lesbia.
• How dear the cow is to Lesbia!
• How dear Lesbia is to the little cow!

Dative singular: 2^nd declension

• Lesbia is dear to Brutus.

Dative plural

• Farmers often give grass to the cows.

[2]

Dative singular

1^st declension

Nominative: vacca (cow)

> Dative: vaccae

2^nd declension

Masculine and neuter

Nominative: amīcus (friend)

> Dative: amīcō

Nominative: templum (temple)

> Dative: templō

Dative plural

The dative plural ending is the same for all 1^st and 2^nd declension nouns: -īs

Nominative plural: vaccae

> Dative plural: vaccīs

Nominative plural: amīcī

> Dative plural: amīcīs

Nominative plural: templa

> Dative plural: templīs

[3] The dative case refers to the indirect object of the sentence:

Lesbia vaccae [dative singular] cibum [accusative singular] dat. │ Lesbia gives food ¦ to the cow.

Agricolae vaccīs [dative plural] herbam [accusative singular] saepe dant. │ Farmers often give grass ¦ to (the) cows.

[4] The indirect object may also refer to the person or thing for whom / which something is done:

Lesbia ipsa vaccae [dative singular] cibum [accusative singular] parat. │ Lesbia herself prepares food ¦ for the cow.

[5] The dative is also used with certain adjectives which, when translated, often include ‘to’ in English:

Brūtus Lesbiae cārus est. │ Brutus is dear ¦ to Lesbia.

Lesbia Brūtō cāra est. │ Lesbia is dear ¦ to Brutus.

Note:

Take a close look at these two sentences. An ending can refer to more than one case and so you need to read the whole sentence and, in particular, look at the verb.

Vaccae [nominative plural] herbam amant. │ The cows love grass.

Vaccae [dative singular] herbam dat. │ She gives grass to the cow.

§31: interrogātiō

[i] Match the question words with the English meanings:

Cui?

Cuius?

Cūr?

Quid?

Quis?

What?

Who?

Whose?

Why?

To whom?

[ii] Answer the questions in Latin.

1. Cuius fīlia est Lesbia ?
2. Quid est Caelia ?
3. Quid Brūtus fīliae dat?
4. Cui dat vaccam?
5. Quid amat Lesbia?
6. Quid Lesbia vaccae dat?
7. Cūr Caelia herbam amat?
8. Cūr Lesbia herbam nōn amat?
9. Quid vaccīs agricolae dant?
10. Quis Caeliae aquam dat?
11. Quis cibum vaccae parat?
12. Cūr Lesbia Brūtum plūs quam Caeliam amat?