Thursday, July 18, 2024

25.08.24: Level 2; the present active participle [8]; declension [6]; other cases; Androclus et leō [1]

  • abripiō, -ere, abripuī [3-iō]: take away (forcefully); drag away
  • cervus, -ī [2/m]: deer; stag
  • extendō, -ere, extendī [3]: stretch out
  • extrahō, -ere, extrāxī [3]: pull out
  • extractus, -a, -um: pulled out
  • olfaciō, -ere, olfēcī [3-iō]: smell
  • spīna, -ae [1/f]: thorn

[A]

  1. Where exactly is Androcles? [2 points]
  2. Who is not there? [1 point]
  3. Why does Androcles describe this man as abominandus? [2 points]
  4. What did Androcles decide to do because of this? [1 point]
  5. Why does Androcles hide in the cave? [1 point]
  6. How does the lion first know that a human being is there? [1 point]
  7. What does the lion ask Androcles to do and why? [2 points]
  8. What does Androcles tell the lion to do? [1 point]
  9. What is the cause of the problem? [1 point]
  10. What does Androcles have to say “Extende iterum”? [1 point]
  11. What does the lion tell Androcles to do, and what is the lion going to do? [3 points]: Nunc tū [i] in cavernā manē ¦ [ii] dum ego ¦ [iii] tibi ¦ cervum captō. 

[B] Find the Latin:

Nominative

  1. Androcles enters running
  2. The lion approaches roaring
  3. The lion enters roaring
  4. Androcles, trembling, says
  5. The lion, opening its mouth, weeps
  6. Androcles in fear [lit: fearing] goes out
  7. The lion, fearfully [lit: fearing] stetches out its foot
  8. He goes out dancing / jumping

Accusative

  1. He beats me when I’m doing nothing
  2. I hear a lion roaring
  3. I smell a man hiding
  4. I see you hiding in the cave
  5. I don’t like my foot hurting
  6. I don’t like the lion shouting out

Genitive

  • I don’t like the teeth ¦ of the lion ¦ as it opens its mouth

Dative

  1. I give help to animals in pain [lit: which are suffering]
  2. I also give help to you in pain / suffering


25.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [13]

Hannibal, quī erat imperātor Poenōrum, ex Āfricā ad Hispāniam nāvigāvit et cum cōpiīs magnīs Saguntum oppugnāvit. Ubi lēgātī Rōmānī ad Hannibalem dē pāce vēnērunt, Hannibal lēgātiōnem nōn audīvit, sed oppidum expugnāvit. Inde Rōmānī lēgātōs ad Poenōs iterum mīsērunt. ‘ Hīc,’ inquit lēgātus Rōmānus, ‘vōbīs bellum et pācem portāmus: utrum placet vōbīs, sūmite.’ Bellum et Rōmānīs et Poenīs placēbat.

  • lēgātus, -ī [2/m]: (the person) ambassador; envoy
  • lēgātiō, lēgātiōnis [3/f]: legation i.e. the purpose for which an ambassador is sent; diplomatic mission would be a suitable translation
  • utrum: which of the two

Sentence structure:

[i] Hannibal, ¦ [ii] quī erat imperātor Poenōrum [relative / adjectival clause], ¦ [i] ex Āfricā ad Hispāniam nāvigāvit [principal clause #1] ¦ et [i] cum cōpiīs magnīs Saguntum oppugnāvit [principal clause #2].

[ii] Ubi lēgātī Rōmānī ad Hannibalem dē pāce vēnērunt [subordinate clause of time], ¦ [i] Hannibal lēgātiōnem nōn audīvit [principal clause #1], ¦ sed [i] oppidum expugnāvit [principal clause #2].

quī: relative pronoun

et / sed: coordinating conjunctions i.e. they connect 2 principal clauses

ubi: subdordinating conjunction i.e. it introduces a subordinate clause, in this case a subordinate clause of time



____________________

Hannibal, who was the commander of the Carthaginians, sailed from Africa to Spain and attacked Saguntum with a large force. When the Roman ambassadros came to Hannibal for peace, Hannibal did not listen to the diplomatic mission, but sacked the town. Then the Romans sent the ambassadors to the Carthaginians again. 'Here,' said the Roman envoy, 'we bring war and peace to you: which of the two pleases you, take (it).' War pleased both the Romans and the Carthaginians.
____________________


25.08.24: Level 1; Maxey (12)

Vocabulary for all three sections

dōnum, -ī [2/n] gift

praemium, -ī [2/n]: reward

tabernāculum, -ī [2/n]: tent

tēctum, -ī [2/n]: [i] roof [ii] (here) house

Note the spelling change in adjectives ending in -er; as soon as any ending is added the /e/ of the -er is lost:

aeger, aegra, aegrum: sick

impiger, impigra, impigrum: active; industrious

Note the formation of this word; the Latin prefix in- / im- / il- forms the opposite of the base word: piger, pigra, pigrum: lazy; sluggish; inactive > impiger: active [i.e. not lazy]

[1] Haec puella parva cum mātre in casā stat. Est aestās et iānua et fenestrae sunt apertae. Vesper est pulcher. Hīc est silva et in silvā tabernāculum vident. In tabernāculō in silvā habitat fēmina. Aestāte fēmina in tabernāculō habitat. Aestāte sōla in tabernāculō manet. Hodiē est in tabernāculō. Herī nōn erat in tabernāculō. Herī erat in oppidō. Saepe ad oppidum ambulat. Ex oppidō multa ad tabernāculum portat. Hodiē erat in silvā. Ex silvā quoque multa portat.

Choose the correct statement for each of the following:

(i) The little girl is …

[A] sitting with her father in the cottage.

[B] sitting with her mother in the cottage.

[C] standing with her mother in the cottage.

[D] standing with her father in the cottage.

(ii)

[A] The windows are closed because it’s summer.

[B] The windows and door are open.

[C] The windows and doors are open.

[D] The window and doors are open.

(iii) It’s a …

[A] winter’s day in town.

[B] summer day in the forest.

[C] winter’s evening in town.

[D] summer evening in the forest.

(iv) The lady …

[A] stays alone in the tent.

[B] always stays in a tent.

[C] works in a shop.

[D] stays in a tent when it rains.

(v) The lady …

[A] isn’t in the tent today.

[B] was in the tent yesterday.

[C] was in town yesterday.

(vi) She …

[A] often walks to town to visit many people.

[B] sometimes goes to town to buy a lot of things.

[C] often walks to town to get a lot of things.

[D] often rides to town to do a lot of things.

(vii) She carries a lot of things …

[A] in the forest.

[B] out of the forest.

[C] into the forest.

[2] Nunc in tabernāculō est et est  impigra. Quid nunc habet fēmina?  Medicīnam habet.  Diū labōrat in tabernāculō et nunc medicinam habet.  Medicīnam ad oppidum portat et pecūniam ad tabernāculum portat. Nōn est  medicus sed medicō  medicīnam dat. Nōn est aegra fēmina; est valida. Pecūnia nōn est  dōnum, nōn est praemium quod fēmina labōrat.  Fēmina pecūniam habet quod medicīnam dat.

In which order are the following first referred to?

a doctor 

a gift 

being hard-working

bringing medicine

earning money

giving medicine

having medicine 

working for a long time

[3] Puella parva cum mātre fēminam et medicīnam spectat. Puella saltat et hoc dīcit: “Laeta sum quod nōn sum aegra. Medicus mihi medicīnam fēminae nōn dat.” Māter respondet: “Ego quoque sum laeta quod es valida et medicīnam nōn cupis. Laeta sum quoque quod in tabernāculō nōn habitāmus. Tēctum magnum nōn habēmus sed cāra mihi est casa nostra.”

Sentence building

[i]

The little girl is looking at

The little girl is looking at the lady

The little girl is looking at the lady and the medicine

The little girl is looking at the lady and the medicine with her mother.

[ii]

The doctor does not give

The doctor does not give me

The doctor does not give me themedicine.

The doctor does not give me the lady’s medicine.

[iii]

We don’t have

We don’t have a large house

We don’t have a large house ¦ but our house is dear

We don’t have a large house but our house is dear to me.

[iv] Which are the two correct translations?

[A] “I’m happy too because I don’t want the medicine.”

[B] “I’m happy too because you don’t want the medicine.”

[C] “She’s happy too because she doesn’t want the medicine.”

[D] “I’m happy too because I live in a tent.”

[E] “We’re happy too because we don’t live in a tent.”

[F] “I’m happy too because we don’t live in a tent.”

24.08.24: Level 1; eating and drinking

I’m not going to say much about the image because all the names for the foods have been covered in earlier posts:

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/496563569621583/

Other posts have been published recently.

Similarly, information concerning the declension of these nouns has been given many times and the FB links are posted below.

What’s particularly useful about a fairly small list like this is that it can provide practice in a particular case ending, namely the accusative, by answering the questions:

Quid edis? │ What do you eat? > __________ edō │ I eat  __________

Quid bibis? │ What do you drink? >  __________ bibō │ I drink __________

What you eat or drink is in the accusative case that describes the direct object of the action i.e. the person or thing that is experiencing the action of the verb.

This is what the image is expecting you to do since it includes both the nominative and accusative cases of the nouns:

1st declension

[i] Singular

olīva, -ae [1/f]: olive

olīvam edō: I eat an olive

[ii] Plural

ūva, -ae [1/f]: grape

ūvās edō: I eat grapes

2nd declension

[i] Singular (masculine)

caseus, -ī [2/m]: cheese

caseum edō: I eat cheese

[ii] Plural (masculine)

From an earlier post:

artolaganus, -ī [2/m]: “pancake”

artolaganōs edō: I eat pancakes

[iii] Singular (neuter)

vīnum, -ī [2/n]: wine

vīnum [no change] bibō: I drink wine

[iv] Plural (neuter)

ōvum, -ī [2/n]: egg

ōva edō: I eat eggs

Links to posts on the 1st and 2nd declension are here:

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/470683238876283/

3rd declension

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/469497705661503/

[i] Singular (masculine and feminine)

pānis, -is [3/m]: bread

carō, carnis [3/f]: meat

pānem edō: I eat bread

carnem edō: I eat meat

[ii] Plural (masculine and feminine)

nux, nucis [3/f]: nut

nucēs edō: I eat nuts

[i] Singular (neuter)

lac, lactis [3/n]: milk

lac [no change in the accusative] bibō: I drink milk

[ii] Plural (neuter)

Not in the image but illustrates the point:

holus, holeris [3/n]: vegetable

holera edō: I eat vegetables

24.08.24: Ora Maritima [8](3); cloze

 In numerō __________ meōrum sunt duo __________. Mārcus, __________ quattuordecim __________, mihi praecipuus __________ est. Prope Dubrās nunc habitant, sed ex Calēdoniā oriundī sunt. Nōbīs __________ fēriae nunc sunt; nam __________ sumus. Inter fēriās līberī sumus scholīs. __________ meī mē saepe vīsitant, et ego __________ meōs vīsitō. Magna est inter nōs amīcitia. Ūnā ambulāmus, ūnā in undīs spūmiferīs natāmus, cum nōn nimis asperae sunt. Quantopere nōs __________ __________ pilārum in arēnā dēlectant! Ut iuvat castella contrā undās spūmiferās aedificāre!

amīcī; amīcōrum; amīcōs; amīcus; annōrum; condiscipulī; lūdī; puer; puerī; puerīs; puerōs

24.08.24: Level 1; FLC; review; practice in the cases [3](1); 1st / 2nd declension nouns and adjectives: genitive singular [1]

[1]

ōra, -ae [1/f]: shore

īnsula, -ae [1/f]: island

> ōra ¦ īnsulae [genitive singular] the shore ¦ of the island

parvus, -a, -um: small

ōra ¦ īnsulae [genitive singular] parvae [genitive singular] the shore ¦ of the small island

[2]

fīlia, -ae [1/f]: daughter

servus, -ī [2/m]: slave

> fīlia ¦ servī [genitive singular] │ the daughter ¦ of the slave [ = the slave’s daughter]

parvus, -a, -um: small

> fīlia ¦ servī [genitive singular] parvī [genitive singular]│ the daughter ¦ of the small

[3]

porta, -ae [1/f]: gate

oppidum, -ī [2/n]: town

> porta ¦ oppidī [genitive singular]│ the gate ¦ of the town

parvus, -a, -um: small

> porta ¦ oppidī [genitive singular] parvī [genitive singular] │ the gate ¦ of the small town

§9: Lectiō

mortus, -ī [2/m]: garden

murus, -ī [2/m]: wall

templum, -ī [2/n]: temple

§10: Brutus et Geta

agricola, -ae [1/m]: farmer (most 1st declension nouns in Latin are feminine, but a few related to occupations traditionally performed by a male are masculine)

hasta, -ae [1/f]: spear

capillus, -ī [2/m]: hair

fīlius, -ī [2/m]: son

nāsus, -ī [2/m]: nose

pater (3rd declension noun): father

horridus, -a, -um: (here; of hair) unkempt; dishevelled


§11: Viva Voce

Cūius? Whose?

Wednesday, July 17, 2024

23.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [12]

Rēgulus et Mānlius, cōnsulēs Rōmānī, postquam classem Poenōrum vīcērunt, ad Āfricam nāvigāvērunt et oppida multa expugnāvērunt. Inde Rēgulus, imperātor Rōmānus, cum legiōnibus agrōs hostium vastābat. Sed posteā Xanthippus, imperātor Graecus, cum elephantīs multīs bellum contrā Rōmānōs gerēbat. Mīlitēs Rōmānī, quī erant in castrīs prope lacum, labōre et sitī erant fessī. Subitō Xanthippus legiōnēs Rōmānās oppugnat: numerum magnum Rōmānōrum capit aut necat: Rēgulus etiam est inter captīvōs. Inde Poenī Rēgulum Rōmam dē pāce mittunt. Sed Rēgulus Rōmānōs ad bellum incitat. ‘Ō Rōmānī,' inquit, ‘animum ad bellum firmāte; hostēs mox superābitis.’ Inde Rēgulus ad Āfricam nāvigāvit et Poenī imperātōrem Rōmānum crūdēliter necāvērunt.

sitis, -is [3/f]: thirst

Poenus, -ī [2/m]: Carthaginian; also: Carthāginiēnsis, -e [3]

Notes

[1] Sentence structure

[i] Rēgulus et Mānlius, consūlēs Rōmānī, ¦ [ii] postquam classem Poenōrum vīcērunt [subordinate clause of time], [i] ad Āfricam nāvigāvērunt et [iii] oppida multa expugnāvērunt.

[i] Mīlitēs Rōmānī, ¦ [ii] quī erant in castrīs prope lacum [relative / adjectival clause], ¦ [i] labōre et sitī erant fessī.

Watch out for three words which all mean the same in English but have different functions in Latin:

[a] post (preposition + accusative): after; post bellum │ after the war

[b] posteā (adverb): after(wards)

Sed posteā Xanthippus … bellum contrā Rōmānōs gerēbat. │But afterwards Xanthippus … began waging war against the Romans

[c] postquam (conjunction, introducing a subordinate clause of time): after

postquam classem Poenōrum vīcērunt … │ …after they conquered the Carthaginians’ fleet …

[2] case usage: ablative of cause

Mīlitēs Rōmānī … labōre et sitī erant fessī. │ The Roman soldiers … were tired from hunger and (from) thirst.

The ablative expresses the cause that prompts / results in the action or accounts for the present state.

Exsiluī gaudiō. (Cicero)I jumped for joy.

Lacrimō gaudiō. (Terence) │ I weep for joy.

… atque ibi morbō mortuus est. (Eutropius) │ …and there he died of / from / as a result of  a disease.

It can occur with a preposition:

ex vulnere aeger │ disabled by / from / as a result of a wound

ārdēre dolōre et īrā (Cicero) │ to be on fire with pain and (with) anger

[3] apposition

Rēgulus et Mānlius, consūlēs Rōmānī, …

Rēgulus, imperātor Rōmānus, …

Xanthippus, imperātor Graecus, …

Appposition refers to two or more words which are adjacent to one another and refer to the same person / thing:

I live in Paris.

I live in the capital of France.

I live in [i] Paris, [ii] the capital of France. In the sentence ‘Paris’ and ‘the capital of France’ are in apposition.

[i] Henry the Eighth, [ii] the King of England ¦ at that time, …

[i] My brother [ii] Joe is a great athlete.

When this occurs, both parts of the apposition are in the same case:

Xanthippus, imperātor Graecus … │ Xanthippus, the Greek commander

Xanthippus [nominative], imperātor Graecus [nominative] …. bellum contrā Rōmānōs gerēbat. │ Xanthippus, the Greek commander … began waging war against the Romans.

Rēgulus et Mānlius [nominative], consūlēs Rōmānī [nominative], … classem Poenōrum vīcērunt. │ Regulus and Manlius, the Roman consuls, … conquered the Carthaginians’ fleet.



____________________

Regulus and Manlius, the Roman consuls, after they defeated the Carthaginian fleet, sailed to Africa and sacked many towns. Then Regulus, the Roman commander, laid waste the fields of the enemy with his legions. But afterwards Xanthippus, the Greek emperor, waged war against the Romans with many elephants. The Roman soldiers, who were in a camp near the lake, were tired with toil and thirst. Suddenly Xanthippus attacks the Roman legions: he captures or kills a large number of the Romans: Regulus is also among the captives. Then the Carthaginians sent Rēgulus to Rome for [to make] peace. But Rēgulus incites the Romans to war. “O Romans,'' he said, “strengthen your mind mind for war; you will soon overcome your enemies.' Then Regulus sailed to Africa and the Carthaginians cruelly killed the Roman commander.

____________________

https://www.lookandlearn.com/blog/21734/the-honourable-consul-regulus-returned-to-die-in-carthage/

Marcus Atilius Regulus returning to Carthage. Illustration for Storia d'Italia by Paolo Giudici (Nerbini, 1929).

Polybius: Xanthippus of Sparta

23.08.24: Level 2; the present active participle [7]; declension [5]; accusative [3]

In this exercise, you see the accusative singular and plural of the present active participle:

Mārcus: O Sexte, vidēsne Quīntum, ¦ quī in subselliīs sedet?

Marcus: Sextus, do you see Quintus, ¦ who is sitting on the benches?

> Sextus: Videō Quīntum [accusative] ¦ in subselliīs sedentem [accusative].

> Sextus: I see Quintus ¦ sitting on the benches.

The participle itself can take a direct object:

Vidēsne puerum [accusative] ¦ quī librum [accusative] legit? │ Do you see the boy ¦ who’s reading the book?

> Puerum [accusative] ¦ librum legentem [accusative] ¦ videō. │ I see the boy ¦ reading the book.

Pater: Spectāte imperatōrem [accusative], ¦ quī pollicem [accusative] vertit.

Father: Look at the emperor, ¦ who is turning his thumb.

> Mārcus: Imperatōrem [accusative] ¦ pollicem vertentem [accusative] ¦ spectāmus.

> Marcus: We’re watching the emperor ¦ turning his thumb.

Complete the rest of the exercise by supplying the missing participles or phrase that contains a participle.

prōtegō, -ere, prōtēxī [3]: protect

rētiārius, -ī [2/m]: net-fighter; gladiator who fights with a net

scūtum, -ī [2/n]: shield

sonō, -āre, sonuī [1]: make a noise

caput prōtegentem; corpus dēfendēns; intrantem; intrantem; pectus prōtegentem; pugnantēs; sonantem; surgentēs


23.08.24: Level 1; Ora Maritima [8](2)

The following statements are false; correct them

  1. The author only has two friends.
  2. His friends live in Scotland.
  3. Currently they’re at school.
  4. His friends rarely visit him.
  5. They swim in the rough waves.
  6. They like ball games in the stadium.
  7. They like the castle opposite the beach

In numerō amīcōrum meōrum sunt duō puerī. Marcus, puer quattuordecim annōrum, mihi praecipuus amīcus est. Prope Dubrās nunc habitant, sed ex Calēdoniā oriundī sunt. Nōbīs puerīs fēriae nunc sunt; nam condiscipulī sumus. Inter fēriās līberī sumus scholīs. Amīcī meī mē saepe vīsitant, et ego amīcōs meōs vīsitō. Magna est inter nōs amīcitia. Ūnā ambulāmus, ūnā in undīs spūmiferīs natāmus, cum nōn nimis asperae sunt. Quantopere nōs puerōs lūdī pilārum in arēnā dēlectant! Ut iuvat castella contrā undās spūmiferās aedificāre!


22.08.24: follow-up; food and drink [13]; find the fruit!

All of the fruits below are depicted in Roman paintings except one which is from 6th century Tunisia. Can you find them?

cerasum

citreum

fīcus

granātum

mālum

mālum persicum

oleae

palmulae

pīrum

ūvae










22.08.24: Level 1; Maxey (11) [2]: past tenses (2)

Maxey begins using some past tense verbs in this text (marked in bold). There are two main past tenses in Latin: [1] the imperfect tense and [2] the perfect tense. These have been covered in depth in the group. Below are the Facebook links to all the posts concerning both tenses:

[1] Imperfect tense

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/469186202359320/

[2] Perfect tense

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/469186502359290/

At the end of this post are all the links to the posts on both tenses in the blog.

Nunc nōn est nox, sed vesper est. Amīcus noster, puer aeger, in casā stat. Ex fenestrā viam spectat. Discipulōs exspectat. Stellās nōn videt quod nōn est nox. Lūna nōn est obscūra. Vesper est. Vesperī agricolae ex agrīs properant et discipulī ex scholā ambulant. Puer nōn est miser sed laetus. Haec est causa: nunc nōn est aeger. Herī puer erat aeger et in scholā nōn labōrat. Miser erat et sōlus, sed medicus puerō medicīnam dedit et hodiē puer est laetus. Herī puer nōn labōrābat. Impiger nōn erat. Tardus erat. Hodiē est impiger. Scrībit, legit, aquam in casā portat. Herī cum puer medicum vīdit, medicīnam nōn cupiēbat. Medicus, vir benignus, puerō pecūniam dedit, et puer medicīnam cupīvit. Herī puer amīcōs nōn vīdit. Hodiē ex fenestrīs discipulōs in viā videt. Discipulī puerum ex viā vident et ad fenestram properant. Discipul puerō epistulam dant. Magistra epistulam scrīpsit. Puer epistulam legit et laetus est quod epistula est grāta.

Latin tutorial: imperfect tense


Latin tutorial: perfect tense


Latin for Learners: imperfect tense

26.03.24: the imperfect tense [1]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/260324-imperfect-tense-1.html

26.03.24: the imperfect tense [2]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/260324-imperfect-tense-2.html

26.03.24: the imperfect tense [3]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/260324-imperfect-tense-3.html

26.03.24: the imperfect tense [4]; pointing to the past

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/260324-imperfect-tense-4-pointing-to.html

26.03.24: the imperfect tense [5]; more reading

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/260324-imperfect-tense-5-more-reading.html

26.03.24: the imperfect tense [6]; examples of the imperfect tense from various sources e.g. school textbooks

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/260324-imperfect-tense-6-examples-of.html

26.03.24: the imperfect tense [7]; simple practice of imperfect verbs

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/260324-imperfect-tense-7-simple.html

27.03.24: the imperfect tense [8]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/270324-imperfect-tense-8.html

28.03.24: the imperfect tense [9] imperfect tense of [i] possum, posse [ii] volō, velle [iii] eo, īre; the “domino effect”

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/280324-imperfect-tense-9-imperfect.html

28.03.24: the imperfect tense [10]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/280324-imperfect-tense-10.html

review

30.04.24: review: imperfect tense [1]; usage; the imperfect Little Red Riding Hood

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/300424-review-imperfect-tense-1-usage.html

30.04.24: review: imperfect tense [2]; Julia: a Latin reader (excerpts) [1]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/300424-review-imperfect-tense-2-julia.html

30.04.24: Youtube; Latin Tutorial; imperfect tense

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/300424-youtube-latin-tutorial-imperfect.html

30.04.24: review: imperfect tense [3]; Julia: a Latin reader (excerpts) [2]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/300424-review-imperfect-tense-3-julia.html

01.05.24: review: imperfect tense [4]; Julia: a Latin reader (excerpts) [3]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/010524-review-imperfect-tense-4-julia.html

01.05.24: review: imperfect tense [5]; Julia: a Latin reader (excerpts) [4]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/010524-review-imperfect-tense-5-julia.html

01.05.24: review: imperfect tense [6]; Julia: a Latin reader (excerpts) [5]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/010524-review-imperfect-tense-6-julia.html

01.05.24: review: imperfect tense [7]; setting the scene

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/01.html

01.05.24: review: imperfect tense [8]; the “imperfect” Catullus

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/010524-review-imperfect-tense-8.html

Latin for Learners: Perfect Tense

20.05.24: Level 2: perfect tense [1] stem, endings; first conjugation (1)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/200524-level-2-perfect-tense-1-stem.html

21.05.24: Level 2; perfect tense [2]; the tense in context

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/210524-level-2-perfect-tense-2-tense-in.html

22.05.24: level 2; Perfect tense [3]; first conjugation (2)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/220524-level-2-perfect-tense-3-first.html

23.05.24: level 2; perfect tense [4]; first conjugation (3)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/230524-level-2-perfect-tense-4-first.html

24.05.24: level 2; perfect tense [5]; first conjugation (4); perfect of sum, esse

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/240524-level-2-perfect-tense-5-first.html

25.05.24: level 2; perfect tense [6]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/250524-level-2-perfect-tense-6.html

26.05.24: level 2; perfect tense [7]; 2nd and 4th conjugation (1)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/260524-level-2-perfect-tense-7-2nd-and.html

27.05.24: level 2; perfect tense [8]; 2nd and 4th conjugation (2)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/270524-level-2-perfect-tense-8-2nd-and.html

28.05.24: level 2; perfect tense [9]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/280524-level-2-perfect-tense-9.html

29.05.24: level 2; perfect tense [10]: eō, īre, iī / īvī; go [1]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/290524-level-2-perfect-tense-10-eo-ire.html

29.05.24: level 2; perfect tense [11]: eō, īre, iī / īvī; go [2]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/290524-level-2-perfect-tense-11-eo-ire.html

30.05.24: level 2; perfect tense [12]: 3rd conjugation

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/300524-level-2-perfect-tense-12-3rd.html

30.05.24: Level 2: practice in the perfect tense [1]

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/300524-level-2-practice-in-perfect.html

*Scheduled: 02.06.24: Level 2: practice in the perfect tense [2]*

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/scheduled-020624-level-2-practice-in.html

*Scheduled: 04.06.24; Level 2: practice in the perfect tense [3]*

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/scheduled-040624-level-2-practice-in.html

*Scheduled: 17.06.24: Mottos [5]*

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/05/scheduled-170624-mottos-5.html

22.08.24: Level 1; Maxey (11) [1]: past tenses (1)

Nunc nōn est nox, sed vesper est. Amīcus noster, puer aeger, in casā stat. Ex fenestrā viam spectat. Discipulōs exspectat. Stellās nōn videt quod nōn est nox. Lūna nōn est obscūra. Vesper est. Vesperī agricolae ex agrīs properant et discipulī ex scholā ambulant. Puer nōn est miser sed laetus. Haec est causa: nunc nōn est aeger. Herī puer erat aeger et in scholā nōn labōrat. Miser erat et sōlus, sed medicus puerō medicīnam dedit et hodiē puer est laetus. Herī puer nōn labōrābat. Impiger nōn erat. Tardus erat. Hodiē est impiger. Scrībit, legit, aquam in casā portat. Herī cum puer medicum vīdit, medicīnam nōn cupiēbat. Medicus, vir benignus, puerō pecūniam dedit, et puer medicīnam cupīvit. Herī puer amīcōs nōn vīdit. Hodiē ex fenestrīs discipulōs in viā videt. Discipulī puerum ex viā vident et ad fenestram properant. Discipulī puerō epistulam dant. Magistra epistulam scrīpsit. Puer epistulam legit et laetus est quod epistula est grāta.

Find the Latin:

[1]

Now it isn’t night
Today the boy is happy
Today he’s active / energetic 

[2]

He was alone
He was miserable
He was slow
He wasn’t active / energetic

[3]

He didn’t want [= he wasn’t wanting] medicine

[4]

The doctor gave medicine to the boy
The boy wanted medicine

[5]

Now he isn’t sick  │ Yesterday the boy was sick
He isn’t working in school │ Yesterday he wasn’t working in school
He doesn’t see the stars │ Yesterday, when the boy saw the doctor …
Today he sees the pupils │ Yesterday the boy didn’t see his friends
He writes │ The teacher wrote / has written a letter

Monday, July 1, 2024

21.08.24: Level 2; Practice in reading the perfect tense; A First Latin Reader (Vincent) [11]

In Ītaliā erant multa Graeca oppida. Pauca oppida Rōmānōs auxilium rogāvērunt; Rōmānī et sociī in pugnīs multīs erant victōrēs. Inde nāvēs Rōmānae Tarentum, quod erat oppidum magnum in Calabriā, nāvigāvērunt, sed populus Tarentīnus nāvēs oppugnāvit et Rōmānōs multōs necāvit. Inde populus, quī īram Rōmānōrum timēbat, nūntiōs ad Pyrrhum mīsit.

Pyrrhus, quī erat rēx Ēpīrī, cōpiās magnās et XX  elephantōs contrā Rōmānōs dūxit. Elephantī Rōmānōs terrēbant; Pyrrhus Rōmānōs in pugnā magnā vīcit. Inde rēx nūntiōs ad populum Rōmānum dē pāce frūstrā mīsit. Posteā, ubi Rōmānī Pyrrhum prope Beneventum superāvērunt, Pyrrhus ad Graeciam nāvigāvit.

[1] Note the use of two accusatives after the verb rogō, -āre [1]: ask

Pauca oppida Rōmānōs [accusative] ¦ auxilium [accusative] rogāvērunt. │ A few towns asked ¦ the Romans ¦ for help.

[2] Sentence structure:

[i] Inde nāvēs Rōmānae Tarentum, ¦ [ii] quod erat oppidum magnum in Calabriā [relative / adjectival clause], ¦ [i] nāvigāvērunt, ¦ sed [iii] populus Tarentīnus navēs oppugnāvit et [iv] Rōmānōs multōs necāvit.

[i] Inde populus, ¦ [ii] quī īram Rōmānōrum timēbat [relative / adjectival clause], ¦ [i] nūntiōs ad Pyrrhum mīsit.

[i] Pyrrhus, ¦ [ii] quī erat rēx Ēpīrī [relative / adjectival clause], ¦ [i] cōpiās magnās et XX elephantōs contrā Rōmānōs dūxit.

[i] Posteā, ¦ [ii] ubi Rōmānī Pyrrhum prope Beneventum superāvērunt [subordinate clause of time], ¦ [i] Pyrrhus ad Graeciam nāvigāvit.



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There were many Greek towns in Italy. A few towns asked the Romans for help; the Romans and their allies were victorious in many battles. From there the Roman ships sailed to Tarentum, which was a large town in Calabria, but the Tarentine people attacked the ships and killed many Romans. Then the people, who feared the wrath of the Romans, sent messengers to Pyrrhus.

Pyrrhus, who was king of Epirus, led a large army and 20 elephants against the Romans. The elephants terrified the Romans; Pyrrhus defeated the Romans in a great battle. Then the king, in vain, sent messengers to the Roman people concerning peace. Later, when the Romans defeated Pyrrhus near Benevento, Pyrrhus sailed to Greece.

____________________

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus