07.08.25: Level 1; Road to Latin [25]; [i] Cornēlius, Dominus; [ii] Cornēlius et fīliī

Note: this post and the two subsequent ones deal with nouns of the second declension, which has been covered many times in previous posts. The key information together with a list of links is available here:

https://mega.nz/file/2F8VGRpY#P4mfrMSDiyGAfEXLR9mnK3Mmece0TXa10CONM3ZIKbI

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/permalink/934961915781744/

Cornēlius, Dominus

[masculine nouns of the 2nd declension; nominative, accusative and vocative]

Cornēlius est dominus vīllae; dominus Cornēlius est vir bonus. Dominus bonus servum habet. Puer laetus dominum bonum amat. Dominus magnum hortum habet; dominus et domina in hortō ambulant. Hortus est longus et lātus. Servus in hortum properat. Ferē cotīdiē in hortō labōrat. Esne dēfessus, serve? Esne tū dēfessus, puer?

​Cornēlius multōs fīliōs habet. Fīliī sunt bonī. Fīliī sunt Mārcus, Lūcius, Aulus, Pūblius, Servius. Fīliī parvī sunt Pūblius et Servius. Fīlius adultus est Mārcus. Estisne discipulī bonī, puerī? Lūcius est discipulus bonus et dīligenter labōrat. Aulus quoque est bonus discipulus. Fīliī parvī nōndum sunt discipulī. Cornēlius fīliōs bonōs amat et saepe laudat. Nōnne Cornēlium amātīs, fīliī?

Exercise

Respondē Latīnē:

1. Quis est Cornēlius?
2. Quālis dominus est Cornēlius?
3. Quālem servum bonus dominus habet?
4. Quem puer laetus amat?
5. Quid habet Cornēlius?
6. Quī ambulant in hortō? *Qui = ​who?
7. Estne hortus longus et lātus?
8. Quō servus laetus properat?
9. Esne dēfessus, serve bone?
10. Quālēs sunt fīliī?
11. Quālēs sunt Pūblius et Servius?
12. Quis est discipulus bonus?
13. Suntne fīliī parvī discipulī?
14. Quōs Cornēlius laudat?
15. Amātīsne Cornēlium, fīliī?

Cornēlius et fīliī

Cornēlius et fīliī in Viā Appiā sunt. Virum armātum vident. Vir armātus est nūntius Rōmānus et equum album habet. Et nūntius et equus sunt dēfessī quod Rōmam properant. Nūntius magnam pugnam Rōmānam nūntiat. “Ubi, mī amīce, Rōmānī pugnant?” clāmat Cornēlius. “Rōmānī in Galliā pugnant, Cornēlī,” respondet nūntius. “Quis est lēgātus?” rogat Cornēlius. “Rōmānī Labiēnum lēgātum habent,” respondet nūntius. “Labiēnus gladium tenet et virōs armātōs vocat. Tum virī armātī pugnant.” Nūntius Rōmam properat sed Cornēlius et fīliī domum ambulant. Lūcius nūntium et equum album laudat. Tum parvus Pūblius clāmat, “ego gladium magnum dēsīderō! Parvī puerī semper gladiōs dēsiderant.” “Lēgātī, mī fīlī, nōn parvī puerī, gladiōs habent,” respondet Cornēlius. “Gladium nōn dēsīderās, parve Pūblī,” clāmat Lūcius. “Tū es parvus puer. Ego sum paene adultus et gladium dēsiderō.” Marcus, meus fīlius adultus, gladium habet,” respondet Cornēlius, “sed vōs fīliī meī, nōn estis adultī et nunc librōs tabellāsque, nōn gladiōs, dēsīderātis.”

Vocabulary

adultus, adulta: grown up, full-grown

armātus, armāta: armed

clāmō, clāmāre [1]: to shout, call out, exclaim

discipulus, -ī [2/m]: student, pupil

dominus, -ī [2/m]: master

equus, -ī [2/m]: horse

ferē, almost

fīlius, -ī [2/m]: son

Gallia, -ae [1/f]: Gaul

gladius, -ī [2/m]: sword

hortus, -ī [2/m]: garden

lēgātus, -ī [2/m]: lieutenant; envoy

liber, librī [2/m]: book

nōndum, not yet

nūntiō, nūntiāre [1]: to announce, report

nūntius, -ī [2/m]: messenger; message

puer, -ī [2/m]: boy

pugna, -ae [1/f]: fight, battle

pugnō, pugnāre [1]: to fight, contend

respondeō, respondēre [2]: to reply, respond, answer

rogō, rogāre [1]: to ask, question

Rōmānus, Rōmāna: Roman

Rōmānus, -ī [2/m]: (as a noun) Roman man

servus, -ī [2/m]: slave

tabella, -ae [1/f]:writing tablet

teneō, tenēre [2]: to hold, grasp

vir, -ī [2/m]: man

Grammar

2^nd declension masculine nouns end in -us or -er (-ir)

[1] Nominative Singular

Cornēlius est dominus vīllae │ Cornelius is the master of the villa.

Tū es parvus puer │ You are a small boy.

Vir … est nūntius │ The man is a messenger.

[2] Vocative Singular: used when addressing somebody directly

Esne dēfessus, serve? │ Are you tired, servant?

A separate ending for the vocative case only exists for 2^nd declension nouns ending in -us; in all other instances, the vocative is the same as the nominative

Note:

[i] fīlius (son) and proper nouns ending in -ius

Nominative: fīlius; Cornelius

Vocative: fīlī; Cornelī

Rōmānī in Galliā pugnant, Cornēlī │ The Romans are fighting in Gaul, Cornelius.

[ii] meus > vocative: mī

Ubi, mī amīce, Rōmanī pugnant? │ Where, my friend, are the Romans fighting?

Lēgātī, mī fīlī … gladiōs habent. │ The envoys, my son, have swords.

[3] Accusative singular

Labiēnus gladium tenet │ Labienus is holding a sword.

Servus in hortum properat │ The slave hurries into the garden.

Virum … vident │ They see the man.

[4] Nominative plural

Fīliī … nōndum sunt discipulī. │ The sons are not yet pupils.

[5] Accusative plural

Cornēlius fīliōs … amat │ Cornelius loves the sons.

Parvī puerī semper gladiōs dēsiderant │ Small boys always desire swords.

Virōs … vocat │ He calls the men.

Note in particular the following:

Nunc librōs … dēsīderātis │ Now you desire books.

Some nouns in -er lose /e/ when any ending is added to them.

Nominative Singular: liber

Librum legō │ I’m reading a book.

Librōs … legitis │ You are reading books.

All of the above is discussed in detail at the link given at the beginning of the post.

06.08.25: Level 3; pronominal adjectives [10] alius … alius; alter … alter; taking care when translating

When forms of alius and alter appear twice, they are usually straightforward to translate:

Cīvēs [i] alterīus cōnsulis verbīs sunt territī, [ii] alterīus factīs. │ The citizens were terrified by the words of [i] the one consul and terrified by the deeds of [ii] the other.

[i] Alius hodiē venit, [ii] alius crās veniet. │ One comes today, another will come tomorrow.

[i] Aliī virō sunt multī amīcī, [ii] aliī paucī. │ One man has many friends, the other (has) few.

However, constructions with alius … alius … and alter … alter … can refer to two people even though, at first sight, the sentence seems to be suggesting only one.

Alius ¦ aliud fēcerat. │ One man had done one thing, the other had done another thing.

It is as if the sentence is repeated, but the second sentence is omitted:

Aliī aliōs librōs legunt = Alii alios libros legunt, alii alios libros legunt │  Some (people) read some books, others read other ones.

Aliī ad aliam prōvinciam fugiēbant. │ Some men were fleeing to one province, others to another.

Aliī ¦ ab aliō inventī sunt. │ Some were found by one man, others by another man.

Alius mīles aliō gladiō interfectus est. │ One soldier was killed by one sword, another soldier was killed by another.

Aliī servī aliōs dominōs vident. │Some slaves see some masters, other slaves see other masters.

Multī populum Rōmānum regere cōnātī sunt, aliī per alia. │ Many have tried to rule the Roman populace, some through some things, others through other things.

In illō proeliō frāter cum frātre pugnāvit; alter alterīus gladiō interfectī sunt. │ In that battle brother fought with brother; (the) one was killed by the sword of (the) one, the other (by the sword) of the other.

Bonī cīvēs habentur Caesar et Antōnius, [i] alter [ii] alterā dē causā. │ Caesar and Anthony are considered good citizens, [i] the one [ii] for one reason and [i] the other [ii] for another.

Sometimes, this construction can convey a reciprocal idea i.e. each other

Alius ex aliō causam quaerit │ they ask each other the reason

Match the Latin and English sentences:

[1] Alius aliud petit.

[2] Aliī alium laudant.

[3] Aliī alia dīxērunt.

[4] Alius aliud facit.

[5] Aliī aliō locō resistēbant.

[6] Aliud aliōs movet.

[7] Alter alterum adiuvat.

[8] nunc sibi uterque contrā legiōnēs parat, paterque fīliusque, clam alter alterum (Plautus)

[A] And now the pair of them, father and son, are preparing their opposing legions, each without the other’s knowledge.

[B] One does one thing, another does another.

[C] One man seeks one thing, another man seeks another.

[D] One reason moves some men, another reason moves other men [ = different reasons move different men]

[E] Some halted in one place, some in another.

[F] Some men praise one man, others praise another.

[G] Some people said one thing, others (said) another (thing).

[H] They help each other.

06.08.25: Level 3; Kings of Rome [2]; the new city; the omens; the slaying of Remus

Mox Rōmulus Remusque volēbant in [1] iīs locīs, ubi ēducātī erant, urbem condere. Hinc foedum certāmen ā mītī prīncipiō ortum est. Namque, quoniam geminī erant, aetās discrīmen inter eōs facere nōn poterat. [2] “Uter”, inquiunt, “nomēn novae urbī dabit? [2] Uter [3] conditam imperiō reget?”.

Deōs igitur auguriō cōnsulunt. [4] Cuius causā templa capiunt, Palātium Rōmulus, Remus Aventīnum. Priōrī Remō signum venit; [4] cui sex vulturēs cito appārent. [5] Hōc nūntiātiō, duodecim Rōmulō sēsē ostendunt. [6] [a] Utrumque rēgem [6] [b] suī comitēs salūtāvērunt. Tempore enim [7] illī, hī numerō avium rēgnum sibi vindicābant.

Inde cum magnīs clāmōribus [8] congressī, ad caedem vertuntur. [9] Lūdibriō frātris Remus novōs trānsiluit mūrōs. Statim ab īrātō Rōmulō ictus cecidit. Tunc ille, “Sīc”, inquit, “[10] pereat, quīcumque alius trānsiliet moenia mea”. Ita sōlus potītus est imperiō Rōmulus; condita urbs conditōris nōmine appellāta est.

Vocabulary

augurium, -ī [2/n]: augury, divination, omen

īcō, -ere, īcī, ictus [3]: hit, strike stab

lūdibrium, -ī [2/n]: mockery

mītis, -e: gentle, mild, peaceful

potior, -īrī, potītus sum [4/deponent]: take possession (of + ablative); potītus est imperiō

quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque: who(so)ever; what(so)ever

trānsiliō, -īre, -uī [4]: jump across

vindicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1] (often with sibi): lay claim

templum, -ī [2/n]: the most common meaning is ‘temple’ but, here, it refers to districts, the literal meaning of templum being  a ‘space marked off' i.e. by the augur's staff, for the purpose of taking omens. Hence it means 'sacred enclosure’ and then ' temple.'

Palātium: the Palatine; Aventīnum: the Aventine, two  of the seven hills on which Rome stood when complete.

Notes

[1] iīs = eīs

[2] uter: which (of two)?

“Uter … nomēn … dabit? │ Which (of the two) … will give the name?

“Uter … reget?”. │ Which (of the two) … will rule?

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/04/250725-level-3-pronominal-adjectives-6.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/907899478487988

[3] Uter conditam … reget? │ Which (of the two) will rule (the city) when / after it has been built?

condō, -ere, condidī, conditus [3]: establish, form, construct

The perfect passive participle conditam (having been constructed) refers to urbs in the previous sentence.

[4]

cuius causā │ and for this reason / because of this

cui sex vulturēs … appārent │ and two vultures … appear to him

connecting relatives

[5] hōc nūntiātiō │ with this having been announced = after this had been announced; ablative absolute

[6] [a] Utrumque rēgem [b] suī comitēs salūtāvērunt.

[a] uterque: both; each (of two)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/04/250725-level-3-pronominal-adjectives-61.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/907916665152936

[b] suī: the reflexive possessive adjective suus, -a, -um (his, her etc. own) is used to refer back to the subject in order to differentiate his (own) etc. as belonging to the subject as opposed to his i.e. somebody else’s.

Vir suōs servōs vocat │ The man calls his (own) slaves.

Vir servōs eius vocat │ The man calls his (somebody else’s) slaves.

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/08/090924-level-1-ora-maritima-103-notes.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/512110881400185

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/03/280525-level-1-readings-12-15-review-3.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/775452408399363

In this sentence, however, suī comitēs is in the nominative case i.e. the subject, in order to emphasise that each king had his own group of comrades.

Example:

Sōcratem cīvēs suī interfēcērunt. │ Literally: His own fellow citizens put Socrates to death. > Socrates was put to death by his own fellow citizens.

Therefore:

Utrumque rēgem suī comitēs salūtāvērunt. │ Literally: His own comrades hailed each (of the two) as king. > Each of them was hailed as king by his own comrades.

[7] ille and hic and can be used to distinguish between two (groups of) people in a similar way to English ‘the former’ and ‘the latter’ i.e. the sentence refers to the two groups of supporters of Remus and Romulus respectively.

Six vultures appeared first to Remus. Twelve vultures then appeared to Romulus.

Tempore enim [7] illī, hī numerō avium rēgnum sibi vindicābant. │The former (i.e. the supporters of Remus) laid claim to the kingdom [claimed the kingdom for themselves] based upon (priority of) time, the latter (i.e. the supporters of Romulus) on the number of birds.  

[8] congressī │ having come together

congredior, congredī, congressus sum [3-iō / deponent]: come together, meet; deponent verbs have passive forms but active meanings

[9]  Lūdibriō frātris │ in mockery of (his) brother

The phrase ‘the love of a father’ – out of context – can have two meanings:

[i] a father’s love / the love felt by a father i.e. the father is the ‘possessor’ of the love

[ii] love for a father i.e. the father is the object of the love

English does not distinguish them, and neither does Latin, but [i] and [ii] have different grammatical names:

[i] amor patris: a father’s love / the love felt by a father = subjective genitive i.e. it is the father who loves

[ii] amor patris: the love for a father = objective genitive i.e. it is the father who is being loved

Despite the differences in terms, the meaning is generally clear in context:

Lūdibriō frātris [objective genitive] │ in mockery of (his) brother i.e. it is Remus who is mocking, and Romulus who is the object of that mockery

[10] Sīc … pereat, quīcumque alius trānsiliet … │ May he perish in this way, whoever else will jump (jumps) across …

The subjunctive is soon to be discussed in detail. For now, simply note this example of its many uses: the jussive subjunctive from the verb iubeō, -ēre, iussī, iussus [2]: command; the jussive subjunctive is similar to the imperative (command) form of the verb. However, whereas the imperative is only giving a command directly to one or more people, the jussive subjunctive can refer to any person or number, often translated into English as ‘may / let somebody (do something)’

vivat rēx! │ long live the king! [literally: may the king live]

vīvant professōrēs! │ long live the professors! [ = may the professors live]

Tū quoque salvus sīs, Bernarde. │ May you also be well, Bernard.

[11] condita urbs conditōris nōmine appellāta est; these texts are adaptations from the work of Livy. However, the origin of the city’s name is unclear. The proper noun Romulus is in itself formed from Rōma + ulus i.e. the proper noun is derived from the name of the city, not vice-versa.

See ‘etymology’ at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome

05.08.25: topic; the fruits of the earth [16]; Comenius (1658); fruits of trees (iv); notes and vocabulary (iii)

Barren trees are the firr, the alder, the birch, the cypress, the beech, the ash, the sallow (willow), the linden-tree, &c., but most of them affording shade. │ sterilēs arborēs sunt abiēs, alnus, betula*, cupressus, fāgus, fraxinus, salix, tilia, &c. Sed plēræque umbriferæ.

But the Juniper, and Bay-tree, yield Berries. │ At Jūniperus & Laurus ferunt Baccās

The Pine, Pine-apples. │ Pīnus, Strobīlōs.

The Oak, Acorns and Galls**. │ Quercus Glandēs & Gallās.

*CL: betulla

**oak-apples

[8]

Many names of trees in Latin are second declension in -us, but, unlike the vast majority of 2^nd declension -us nouns, they are feminine and not masculine:

alnus, -ī [2/f]: alder

fāgus, -ī [2/f]: beech

frāxinus, -ī [2/f]: ash

iūniperus, -ī [2/f]: juniper

laurus, -ī [2/f]: laurel; bay tree

pīnus, -ī [2/f]: pine

pōmus, -ī [2/f]: any kind of fruit tree

ulmus, -ī [2/f]: elm

cupressus, -ī [2 m/f]: cyprus

Note:

quercus, -ūs [4/f]: oak

[9]

bacca, -ae [1/f]: berry

galla, -ae [1/f]: oak-apple

glāns, glandis [3/f]: acorn; any acorn-shaped fruit

It’s interesting to note the translator’s use of the word pine-apples, referring to the ‘fruit’ i.e. the produce of the pine-tree: strobilus, -ī [2/m]: pine-cone; from Ancient Greek στρόβῑλος [stróbīlos]. Pineapples, indigenous to South America, were first introduced to Europe in the 17th century but were not cultivated in Europe until the first half of the 18th century. The first recorded written reference of the word pineapple meaning the tropical fruit was in 1714. Comenius and Hoole, his translator, may have known about the pineapple but it is unlikely they had ever seen a picture of one, they certainly hadn’t tasted one, and no reference to the tropical fruit is given anywhere in Comenius’ work.

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/06/140824-follow-up-food-and-drink-6-solve.html

[10]

abiēs, abietis [3/f]: silver fir

betulla, -ae [1/f] (CL);  betula, -ae [1/f] (Late / Mediaeval): birch tree

salix, salicis [3/f]: willow

tilia, -ae [1/f]: linden; lime-tree

05.08.25: topic; the fruits of the earth [15]; Comenius (1658); fruits of trees (iii); notes and vocabulary (ii)

The apple is round. │mālum est rotundum.

The pear and fig are something long. │ pyrum* & fīcus sunt oblonga.

The cherry hangeth by a long start**. │ cerasum pendet longō pediolō**.

The plumb and peach by a shorter. │prūnum & persicum breviōrī.

The mulberry by a very short one. │mōrum brevissimō.

*Mediaeval Latin for pirum

** “start” = stalk; the Latin here is most likely a mis-spelling for petiolus (Late Latin): stalk, stem

[4]

cerasum, -ī [2/n] or cerasus, -ī [2/f]: cherry

fīcus, -ūs [4 m/f] or -ī [2 m/f]: fig

mālum, -ī [2/n]: apple; note: “any tree-fruit fleshy on the outside, and having a kernel within hence, applied also to quinces, pomegranates, peaches, oranges, lemons, etc.” (Lewis and Short)

mōrum, -ī [2/n]: mulberry; blackberry

persicum, -ī [2/n]: peach

pirum, -ī [2/n]: pear

prūnum, -ī [2/n]: plum

More information on the Latin terms for fruit is here:

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/07/200824-follow-up-food-and-drink-11.html

[5] Note the use of the comparative and superlative:

The cherry hangeth by a long start (stalk) │ cerasum pendet longō petiolō.

The plum and peach by a shorter │prūnum & persicum breviōrī.

The mulberry by a very short one │mōrum brevissimō.

petiolus, -ī [2/m] (Late Latin) stalk; stem; the word is a diminutive literally meaning little foot and derived from pēs, pedis [3/m]: foot, but the spelling is with /t/, not /d/ as in the Comenius text.

The wall-nut, the hazel-nut, and chest-nut, are wrapped in a husk and a shell. │nux jūglāns avellāna* & castanea involūta sunt corticī & putāminī

*abellāna

[6]

abellāna, -ae [1/f]: hazelnut; also listed in some dictionaries as avellāna

castanea, -ae [1/f]: chestnut; chestnut tree

iūglāns, iūglandis [3/f]: walnut; walnut tree

nux, nucis [3/f]: nut; nut tree

cortex, corticis [3 m/f]: bark of a tree; shell; outward covering

putāmen, putāminis [3/n]: shell; peel (from eggs, vegetables etc.)

[7]

involūta sunt │ (they) are wrapped (have been wrapped)

involvō, -ere, involvī, involūtus [3]: wrap up; cover; involve

05.08.25: topic; the fruits of the earth [14]; Comenius (1658); fruits of trees (ii); notes and vocabulary (i)

Fruits are pull’d from fruit-bearing trees. │ Pōma dēcerpuntur ā frūctiferīs arboribus.

[1]

[a] frūctus, -ūs [4/m]: apart from ‘fruit’, the words has several meanings in Latin e.g. enjoyment, produce, profit

fēcundior annus prōvenit, et frūctum terra pecūsque ferunt (Ovid) │ a more fertile year proceeds, and the land and the cattle bring forth produce.

[b] pōmum, -ī [2/n]: refers to any type of fruit i.e. do not be influenced by French pomme which refers to an apple

[2] carpō, -ere, carpsī, carptus [3]: pluck; pick; harvest

carpe diem: seize the day i.e. make good use / enjoy the day (this period of time in your life)

dēcerpō, -ere, -cerpsi, -cerptus [3]: pluck, pull, break off; harvest

Prōtinus haerentem dēcerpsī pollice flōrem (Ovid) │ Immediately I plucked the clinging flower with my thumb

[3] frūctifer, -a, -um: fruit-bearing

The suffix -fer indicates bringing, carrying, for example:

ignifer, -a, -um: fiery; bringing fire

lactifer, -a, -um: producing milk

pōmifer, -a, -um: fruit-bearing

aquilifer, -ī [3/m] (< aquila: eagle + fer): the standard bearer in the Roman army

From the text:

umbrifer, -a, -um (< umbra, -ae [1/f]: shadow; shade + fer): shade-giving

From this construction we have the English tree name conifer

cōnifer, -a, -um (cōnus, -ī [2/m]: cone + fer): bearing conical fruit

Also: Lucifer, -ī [2/m] (< lūx, lūcis [3/f]: light + fer): “the bringer of light” = the morning star; (Bibl.) Lucifer

05.08.25: topic; the fruits of the earth [13]; Comenius (1658); fruits of trees (i); text and translation

fruits of Trees │ Frūctūs Arborum

Fruits are pull’d from fruit-bearing trees. │ Pōma dēcerpuntur ā frūctiferīs arboribus.

The apple is round. │ mālum est rotundum.

The pear and fig are something long. │ pyrum¹ & fīcus sunt oblonga.

The cherry hangeth by a long start². │ cerasum pendet longō pediolō².

The plumb and peach by a shorter. │prūnum & persicum breviōrī.

The mulberry by a very short one. │mōrum brevissimō.

The wall-nut, the hazel-nut, and chest-nut, are wrapped in a husk and a shell. │nux jūglāns avellāna³ & castanea involūta sunt corticī & putāminī

Barren trees are the firr, the alder, the birch, the cypress, the beech, the ash, the sallow (willow), the linden-tree, &c., but most of them affording shade. │ sterilēs arborēs sunt abiēs, alnus, betula⁴, cupressus, fāgus, fraxinus, salix, tilia, &c. sed plēræque umbriferæ.

But the juniper, and bay-tree, yield berries. │ at jūniperus & laurus ferunt baccās

The Pine, Pine-apples. │ Pīnus, Strobīlōs.

The Oak, Acorns and Galls⁵. │ Quercus Glandēs & Gallās.

[1] Mediaeval Latin for pirum

[2] “start” = stalk; the Latin here is most likely a mis-spelling for petiolus (Late Latin): stalk, stem

[3] abellana

[4] Classical Latin: betulla

[5] oak-apples

04.08.25: Level 1; Road to Latin [24]; Claudia et fīliae Tulliae

Claudia: Cuius lectīcam, ancillae, in viā vidētis?

Ancilla: Tulliae lectīcam videō, domina.

Claudia: Sum laeta quod Tullia est cāra amīca mea. Suntne puellae cum Tulliā?

Ancilla secunda: Puellās videō, domina. Puellae ambulant.

Claudia: Salvē*, Tullia cāra. Salvēte*, Cornēlia et Secunda. Estisne dēfessae?

Tullia: Ego nōn sum dēfessa. Fortasse puellae sunt dēfessae.

Cornēlia: Nōn sum dēfessa, Claudia. Libenter ambulō.

Claudia: Quid portātīs, puellae?

Cornēlia: Ego rosās albās habeō, Claudia. Rosās ad Claudiam cāram portō.

Claudia: Rosās tuās amō, Cornēlia. Sunt pulchrae rosae. Quid tū habēs, Secunda?

Secunda: Ego ūvās rubrās habeō, Claudia. Ūvās ad Claudiam cāram portō.

Claudia: Ūvās quoque amō. Estis puellae bonae. Fortasse ancillae meae fābulās dē patriīs nārrant. Amātīsne fābulās dē Graeciā?

Cornēlia: Es bona, Claudia. Fābulās dē Graeciā maximē amāmus. Ubi sunt ancillae?

*Salvē, the singular form of greeting and salvēte, the plural form, are really the present imperative (command) forms, singular and plural, of a verb meaning literally be well, be in good health. Translate as hello.  

The present imperative singular is the same as the present stem in verbs of the first and second conjugations:

1^st conjugation: portā! │ carry! (giving a command to one person)

2^nd conjugation: tacē! │ be quiet!

An exclamation mark is commonly used to indicate a command although it was not used in Classical Latin. It does not necessarily mean that the person is shouting.

The plural is formed by adding -te to the singular form.

1^st conjugation: portāte! │ carry! (giving a command to more than one person)

2^nd conjugation: tacēte! │ be quiet!

Although salvē and salvēte, are used as greetings, the verb does not mean ‘greet’. The verb that has this meaning is salūtō, salūtāre.

Vocabulary

ambulō, ambulāre [1]: walk

amīca, -ae [1/f]: friend

dē (+abl.): about, concerning; down from

fortasse: perhaps

habeō, habēre [2]: have

narrō, narrāre [1]: recount; tell (e.g. a story)

salveō, salvēre [2]: be well; be in good health

tua: your (singular; feminine)

Exercise [1] Find the Latin:

[a]

1. I am
2. I am not [tired]
3. You are (sg.)
4. You are (pl.)
5. Tullia is
6. Are you (pl.) [tired]?
7. Where are [the maidservants]?
8. (they) are [tired]
9. Are they?

[b]

1. I see
2. You (pl.) see
3. I love
4. Do you (pl.) love?
5. We love [the tales]
6. I have
7. What do you (sg.) have?
8. I carry (am carrying)
9. What are you (pl.) carrying?
10. I walk (am walking)
11. (they) are walking
12. (they) tell [tales]

Exercise [2] Match the Latin verbs with the English in the wordcloud:

ambulō, ambulāre [1]

amō, amāre [1]

cūrō, cūrāre [1]

dēlectō, delectāre [1]

dēmōnstrō, dēmōnstrāre [1]

dēsīderō, dēsīderāre [1]

dō, dare [1]

habitō, habitāre [1]

intrō, intrāre [1]

labōrō, labōrāre [1]

laudō, laudāre [1]

nārrō, nārrāre [1]

nāvigō, nāvigāre [1]

ōrnō, ōrnāre [1]

pārō, parāre [1]

portō, portāre [1]

​properō, properāre [1]

salūtō, salūtāre [1]

spectō, spectāre [1]

stō, stāre [1]

vocō, vocāre [1]

call; carry; decorate; delight; desire; enter; give; greet; hurry; live; love; praise; prepare; sail; show; stand; take care of; tell; walk; watch; work

Exercise [3] Translate the sentences:

doceō, docēre [2]: teach

habeō, habēre [2]: have

salveō, salvēre [2]: be well

sedeō, sedēre [2]: sit

studeō, studēre [2]: be eager; study

videō, vidēre [2]: see

sum, esse [irr.]: be

1. In tabernā sumus.
2. Librum habeō.
3. Nōs puerī dīligenter studēmus.
4. Linguam Latīnam doceō.
5. Quid habētis?
6. Puer in hortō sedet.
7. Puer librum nōn habet.
8. Quid vidēs?
9. Flōrēs videō.
10. Salvēte, ō discipulī!

Exercise [3] Translate into Latin:

1. I show
2. They are walking
3. You (sg.) are preparing
4. We do praise
5. He sees
6. You all call
7. I am decorating
8. We give
9. You (pl.) do sail
10. They have

03.08.25: Level 3; pronominal adjectives [9](2); alius … alius

Like alter … alter [pronominal adjectives [8](2); alter … alter: the one … the other] alius … alius indicates, for example, what one person is doing and what the other person is doing; in the plural aliī … aliī translates as some (for example, do one thing), others (for example, do another thing)

Alius hodiē venit, alius crās veniet. │ One comes today, another will come tomorrow.

Aliud est āctiō bona, aliud ōrātiō │ A good action is one thing, and good talk another.

Aliī gladiōs, aliī scūta portant │ some carry swords, others shields.

Aliīs virīs illa fēmina levis multum placēbat, aliīs odiō erat eadem. │ That funny woman was very pleasing to some men, but to others, the same woman was a source of hatred.

The construction can be repeated several times:

illī ad dēprecandum perīculum prōferēbant aliī purpuram Tyriam, tūs aliī atque odōrēs vestemque linteam, gemmās aliī et margarītās (Cicero) │ They brought him presents to gain his protection from danger; some brought him Tyrian purple, others brought frankincense, perfumes, and linen robes; others gave jewels and pearls;

qua minus tūta erant alia fossīs, alia vāllō, alia turribus mūniēbat (Livy)  │ the less secure (places) he strengthened, some with trenches, some with ramparts, and others with towers.

Exercise: complete the Latin sentences with the appropriate forms of alius ... alius ...

[1] But it is one thing to speak ill of (one), another to make an accusation. │ Sed _____ est male dīcere, _____ accūsāre.

[2] Some write, others read, (and) others sing. │ _____ scrībunt, _____ legunt, _____ cantant.

[3] But you, who are defending the acts of Caesar, what reason can you give for defending some, and disregarding others? │ sed tū quī ācta Caesaris dēfendis quid potes dīcere cūr _____ dēfendās, _____ nōn cūrēs? (Cicero)

[4] Quotidian* fevers, however, vary and have many forms. For some begin straightaway with a feeling of heat, others of chill, others with shivering. │ Quotīdiānae vērō variae sunt, et multiplicēs. _____ enim prōtinus ā calōre incipiunt, _____ ā frīgore, _____ ab horrōre. (Celsus)

*A fever that occurs at daily intervals

[5] Never does nature say one thing and wisdom another. │ Numquam _____ nātūra, _____ sapientia dīcit. (Juvenal)

aliī … aliī … aliī …; aliud … aliud …; aliae … aliae … aliae …; aliud … aliud …; alia … alia …

____________________

[1] Sed aliud est male dīcere, aliud accūsāre.

[2] Aliī scrībunt, aliī legunt, aliī cantant.

[3] … quid potes dīcere cūr alia dēfendās, alia nōn cūrēs?

[4] Quotīdiānae vērō variae sunt, et multiplicēs. Aliae enim prōtinus ā calōre incipiunt, aliae ā frīgore, aliae ab horrōre.

[5] Numquam aliud nātūra, aliud sapientia dīcit. (Juvenal)

03.08.25: Level 3; pronominal adjectives [9](1); alius, -a, -ud: other; another

[i] In the declension table note the neuter nominative and accusative singular in -ud: aliud

[ii] the genitive singular alīus is rarely used, being replaced by the genitive singular of alter: alterīus

[iii] Unlike alter, -a, -um which refers to two (groups of) people or things, alius, -a, -ud refers to another person / thing or other people / things:

Est alius quīdam, parasītaster parvulus (Terence) │ It's another person; a little diminutive parasite.

Habēsne alium equum? │ Do you have another horse?

Vīneam veterem sī in alium locum trānsferre volēs (Cato) │ If you wish, you may transplant an old vine [ = transfer it into another place]

ait illī tū es quī ventūrus es an alium expectāmus (Vulgate) │ and said to him, "Are you he who is about to come, or should we look for another?"

haec faciat mihi Deus … sī ante occāsum sōlis gustāverō pānem vel aliud quicquam (Vulgate) │ may God do these things to me … if I taste bread, or anything else, until the sun be down.

aliō modō │ in another manner / way

neque enim sex legiōnēs aliā dē causā missās in Hispāniam (Caesar) │ nor had six legions been sent into Spain for any other reason

sed haec aliaque ex vetere memoriā petītā (Tacitus) │ These and like instances [i.e. and other things], drawn from the recollections of the past,

et accessērunt ad eum turbae multae habentēs sēcum mūtōs clōdōs caecōs dēbilēs et aliōs multōs et prōiēcērunt eōs ad pedēs eius et cūrāvit eōs (Vulgate) │ Great multitudes came to him, having with them the lame, blind, mute, maimed, and many others, and they put them down at his feet, and he healed them.

Deinde aliās frūgēs seritō. (Cato) │ Then plant other crops.

mālō in aliōrum spē relinquere (Cicero) │ I would rather leave to the expectations of others …

Propāgātiō pōmōrum, aliārum arborum. (Cato) │ Layering of fruit trees and other trees: 

datum mī esse ab dīs aliīs (Plautus) │ it has been given to me by the other gods

Exercise: Complete the Latin sentence with the appropriate form of alius

[1] We will have to look for another stronger man. │ _____ virum fortiōrem quaerere dēbēbimus.

[2] They bring up other boys. │ _____ puerōs ēdūcunt.

[3] We’ll make another plan. │  _____ cōnsilium capiēmus.

[4] Clodia loves another woman’s husband │ Clōdia marītum _____ fēminae amat.

[5] Yesterday I received another letter from you. │Herī _____ epistulam ā tē accēpī.

[6] They fled into other lands. │ In _____ terrās fūgērunt.

[7] I saw few soldiers of the enemy before the walls, many others in the city itself. │ Paucōs mīlitēs hostium ante moenia vīdī, multōs _____ in ipsā urbe.

[8] To Caesar the power of the total province was given, and this would be given to no other man. │ Caesar imperium tōtīus prōvinciae datur. Quod nūllī _____ datum sit.

[9] I say this to you alone: in all (my) life I have done nothing else but good. │ Tibi ūnī hoc dīcō: in omnī vītā nihil _____ ēgī nisi bonum.

[10]  If I had not done the works among them that no one else has done, they would not have sin. │ sī opera nōn fēcissem in eīs quae nēmō _____ fēcit peccātum nōn habērent (Vulgate)

aliam; aliās; aliī; aliōs; aliōs; aliud; aliud; alium; alius; alīus / alterīus [genitive of alter more common, but both are correct]

____________________

[1] Alium virum fortiōrem quaerere dēbēbimus.

[2] Aliōs puerōs ēdūcunt.

[3] Aliud cōnsilium capiēmus.

[4] Clōdia marītum alīus / alterīus fēminae amat.

[5] Herī aliam epistulam ā tē accēpī.

[6] In aliās terrās fūgērunt.

[7] Paucōs mīlitēs hostium ante moenia vīdī, multōs aliōs in ipsā urbe.

[8] Quod nūllī aliī datum sit.

[9] in omnī vītā nihil aliud ēgī nisi bonum.

[1o] sī opera nōn fēcissem in eīs quae nēmō alius fēcit peccātum nōn habērent

03.08.25: Level 3; Kings of Rome [1]; Birth and early years of Romulus and Remus

Rea Silvia, [1] Albāna sacerdōs, [2] geminōs puerōs ēdidit. Amūlius, rēx crūdēlis, Silviam in cūstōdiam dedit; [3] puerōs in prōfluentem aquam mittī iussit. forte eō tempore super rīpās Tiberis effūsus erat. itaque in proximā eluvie puerī sunt expositī. paulisper alveus, in quō [4] iacent, hūc illūc fluitat. tandem tenuis aqua eōs in siccō dēstituit. simul lupa sitiēns ex montibus, quī circā sunt, ad puerīlem vāgītum cursum flexit. mox eam linguā lambentem puerōs Faustulus, magister rēgiī pecoris, invēnit; [6] quī Lārentiae uxōrī eōs ēducandōs dedit. ita genitī nūtrītīque sunt Rōmulus et Remus. posteā, iam adultī, vēnandō saltūs peragrant. hinc rōbur [7] corporibus animīsque sūmunt. nec iam ferās tantum agitant; sed in latrōnēs praedā onustōs faciunt impetūs. [8] pāstōribus rapta dīvidunt, et cum hīs sēria ac iocōs peragunt.

Vocabulary

agitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1] (here): hunt, chase, pursue

alveus, -ī [2/m]: basket

dēstituō, -ere, dēstituī, dēstitūtus [3]: place, set; abandon

effundō, -ere, efffūdi, effūsus [3]: pour out

ēluviēs, -ēī [5/f]: flood

fera, -ae [1/f]: wild animal, beast

flectō, -ere, flexī, flexus [3]: bend, deviate, turn

fluitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: float

gignō, -ere, genuī, genitus [3]: bear, beget, give birth

iocus, -ī [2/m]: joke, pastime, sport

lambō, -ere, lambī, lambitus [3]: lick, lap

nūtriō, -īre, nūtrī(v)ī, nūtrītus [4]: feed, breastfeed, suckle, nurse

onustus, -a, -um: loaded [+ abl. with]

paulisper: for a little while / short time

pecus, pecoris [3/n]: herd, flock; a collective term that can refer to any (large) group of animals

peragō, -ere, perēgī, perāctus [3]: (here) accomplish, carry out

peragrō, -āre, -āvī, -agrātus [1]: wander / travel through

prōfluēns, -entis: flowing

raptum, -ī [2/m]: plunder, prey

rēgius, -a, -um: royal

saltus, -ūs [4/m]: (here) forest / mountain pasture; the noun can refer to a mountain / narrow pass

siccus, -a, -um: dry

tenuis, -e: (here) shallow, but often has the meaning of ‘thin’, ‘delicate’

vāgītus, -ūs [4/m]: crying, wailing

Notes

[1] Albana: 'belonging to Alba.' The full name of the city was Alba Longa, 'the Long White City.' It was long and narrow, owing to the steepness of the mountain-side on which it was built. Alba was the head of the league of Latin towns, till Rome conquered her own mother-city and took her place. The exact site of Alba is unknown.

[2] geminōs puerōs: according to the legend, Mars was the father of the twins

[3] (i) puerōs in prōfluentem aquam (ii) mittī [present passive infinitive] iussit │ he ordered [i] the boys [ii] to be thrown / flung / cast into the flowing water

[4] iacent; fluitat: historic presents; used to produce a more vivid picture, a greater sense of immediacy

[5] eam … Faustulus … invēnit; quī Lārentiae uxōrī eōs ēducandōs dedit

Two separate points:

[i] eam … Faustulus … invēnit; quī Lārentiae … dedit │ Faustulus found it; and he gave them to Larentia …

quī: connecting relative

Unlike English, quī, quae, quod (who, which) can begin a sentence referring to someone / something in the previous one, and is usually translated as and he, she …

[ii] quī Lārentiae uxōrī eōs ēducandōs dedit │ and he gave them to his wife Larentia to be brought up

ēducandus, -a, -um: a gerundive meaning to be brought up

English would most often use a passive infinitive to express this idea i.e. he gave them to Larentia ¦ to be brought up. Latin, however, uses the gerundive like an adjective agreeing with the noun / pronoun which is affected by the action:

quī Lārentiae uxōrī eōs [accusative plural] ēducandōs [accusative plural] dēdit

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/08/260924-level-2-ora-maritima-24-and-25-6.html

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/03/080625-level-3-gerundive-5-purpose.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/808706941740576

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/797022766242327

Examples:

deinde [i] eum … [ii] redūcendum Faleriōs puerīs trādidit

> literally: He handed [i] him ¦ [ii] (who was) to be taken back to Falerii ¦ to the boys

> he then handed [ii] him to the boys [ii] to be taken back to Falerii

Caesar pontem faciendum cūrat (Caesar) │ Caesar causes a bridge to be made

[6] vēnandō saltūs peragrant │ they wander through the forests hunting

vēnandum: an example of the gerund i.e. (the act of) hunting

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/03/270525-level-3-gerund-1.html

https://www.facebook.com/groups/latinforstarters/posts/775441468400457

venandō: ablative of manner

[7] rōbur corporibus animīsque sūmunt │ they draw (their) strength for (their) bodies and minds

corporibus animīsque: datives of advantage i.e. who or what benefits from an action

[8] pāstōribus: among the shepherds

puerōs in prōfluentem aquam mittī iussit