23.11.25: Level 3; indefinites [8] ali- [v] practice

Complete the Latin with the appropriate form of aliquis etc. All of the quotations are from the Vulgate which is a very good source of specific word types.

[i] And Jesus says: somebody touched me │ Et dīcit Jēsus: Tetigit mē __________

[ii] Did I take advantage of you by / through any one of them I sent you? │ numquid per __________ eōrum quōs mīsī ad vōs circumvēnī vōs?

[iii] If he has retreated to some city … │ sī urbem __________ fuerit ingressus

[iv] For you were once / at one time darkness │ Erātis enim __________ tenebrae   

[v] But after some time │ post __________ autem temporis

[vi] But after a few days, Paul said to Barnabas │ post __________ autem diēs dīxit ad Barnaban Paulus 

[vii] If any man's brother [ = the brother of anyone] has died, having a wife, … │ sī frāter __________ mortuus fuerit habēns uxōrem

[viii] That person should not expect to receive anything from the Lord. │ nōn ergō aestimet homō ille quod accipiat __________ ā Dominō

[ix] And there is no salvation in anyone else │ et nōn est in aliō __________ salūs

[x] If there is a dispute between some men │ sī fuerit causa inter __________

alicuius; aliquam; aliquandō; aliquantum; aliquem; aliquid; aliquis; aliquō; aliquōs; aliquot

[i] Et dīcit Jēsus: Tetigit mē aliquis

[ii] numquid per aliquem eōrum quōs mīsī ad vōs circumvēnī vōs?

[iii] sī urbem aliquam fuerit ingressus

[iv] Erātis enim aliquandō tenebrae

[v] post aliquantum autem temporis

[vi] post aliquot autem diēs dīxit ad Barnaban Paulus

[vii] sī frāter alicuius mortuus fuerit habēns uxōrem

[viii] nōn ergō aestimet homō ille quod accipiat aliquid ā Dominō

[ix] et nōn est in aliō aliquō salūs

[x] sī fuerit causa inter aliquōs

23.11.25: Level 3; indefinites [7] ali- [iv] an overdose of indefinites from Plautus

Plautus: Epiducus III.i

Sī hercle habeam, pollicear lubēns, vērum (1) aliquid (2) aliquā (3) aliquō modō (4) alicunde (5) ab aliquī (6) aliqua tibi spēs est fore meliōrem fortūnam.

By Hercules, if I had it, I would willingly offer it; but (1) something (2) somehow (3) in some way (4) from some direction (from somewhere) (5) from some person (6) there is some hope for you, that there'll be better fortune

Quippe tū mī (1) aliquid (2) aliquō modō (3) alicunde (4) ab aliquibus blatīs quod nusquamst neque ego id inmittō in aurēs meās

Why, because you’re babbling on to me about (1) something (2) in some manner (3) from somewhere or other (4) from some persons, that nowhere exists, and I won't admit it to my ears

23.11.25: Level 3; indefinites [6] ali- [iii] examples from the authors

Examples from the authors showing:

[ii] quandō│when > aliquandō: sometime(s); at sometime; now and then

[iii] quot│ how much / many > aliquot: a few; some; several

[iv] quotiē(n)s │ how many times > aliquotiē(n)s: several times

[v] quantus, -a, -um │ how much / many / great

aliquantus, -a, -um: somewhat; considerable (amount)

aliquantum (adverb): to some extent

aliquantō (adverb): somewhat; a little; with the comparative: aliquantō longior │ a little longer

[vi] ubi│ where > alicubi: somewhere

[vii] unde│ from where > alicunde: from somewhere; from any place

revīse nōs* aliquandō │ come and see me again sometime

*a reminder: Cicero’s habit of using ‘we’ and ‘us’ when referring to himself

accēpī aliquot epistulās tuās (Cicero)│ I’ve received several letters of yours

id aliquotiēns in diē cotīdiē facitō (Cato) │ do this daily several times a day

Labōriōsa, adulēscēns, vīta est rūstica. / Urbāna egestās edepol aliquantō magis. (Plautus)│ It’s arduous, young man, the country life. / My goodness! The city poverty [ = living on nothing in a city] is rather more so.

subrūfus aliquantum, crīspus, cincinnātus (Plautus) │ hair a little reddish, waving, and curled

nam alicubi abstrūdam forīs (Plautus) │ for I’ll conceal it somewhere outside

ego in hōc trīduō aut terrā aut marī alicunde ēvolvam id argentum tibi (Plautus) │ Within the next three days, from land or sea or (from) somewhere, I'll raise this money for you.

23.11.25: Level 3; the Spartans

[i] Parī animō Lacedaemoniī Thermopylīs cecidērunt. Quid illōrum dux Leōnidās dīcit? "Pergite animō fortī, Lacedaemoniī: hodiē apud īnferōs coenābimus." Nōnne etiam Lacaena pariter fortis fuit? Haec enim, fīliī morte nūntiātā, "In hunc fīnem peperī fīlium," dīxit.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae

coenō, -āre [1] (Late Latin) = cēnō, -āre [1]: dine

īnferī, -ōrum [2/m/pl]: souls of the dead (in the Underworld)

Lacedaemōn, -is [3/f]: Lacedaemon; Sparta

Lacedaemonius, -a, -um: Spartan

Lacaena, -ae [1/f]: Spartan woman

Thermopylae, -ārum [1/f/pl]: Thermopylae; narrow mountain pass in Greece

[1] parī animō │ with equal / like courage; ablative of manner i.e. describing how the action was performed

pār, -is: equal; like

21.05.25: Level 3; summary of of the uses of the ablative case [6]: [i] the ablative of accompaniment; [ii] the ablative of manner

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/02/210525-level-3-summary-of-of-uses-of_37.html

A general note at this level: the various terms used to identify the functions of the ablative case are useful to know but, in translation, they are often rendered with a limited number of prepositions which is why, in grammar books, you will frequently see “by, with, from” listed.

The examples below show that, while they have different grammatical terms to describe their usage, they all translate as “with”:

cum omnibus copiīs ad locum vēnērunt │ They came to the place with all the troops (ablative of accompaniment)

Summā celeritāte vēnit│ He came with the utmost speed (ablative of manner)

magnā cum cūrā │ with great care (ablative of manner)

fēmina oculīs caeruleīs │ a lady with blue eyes (ablative of description)

Milēs rēgem gladiō interfēcit │ The soldier killed the king with / by means of a sword (ablative of means / instrument)

[2] Note the differences between [i] the verb in the text and [ii] two other verbs which look similar

(i) pariō, -ere, peperī, partus [3-iō]: bear; give birth to

(ii)

parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [1]: prepare

pāreō, -ēre, -uī, parītum (supine) [2]: [i] appear; [ii] (with dative) obey

____________________

With equal courage the Lacedaemonians fell at Thermopylae. What does their leader, Leonidas, say? “Carry on with bold resolve: today we shall dine with the souls of the dead.” Surely the Lacedaemonian woman was also brave? For she, when the death of her son was announced, said “I bore (my) son for this end.”

Léonidas aux Thermopyles by Jacques-Louis David (1814); Musée du Louvre

22.11.25: Level 2; Vincent (Latin Reader); XXXVI; a Roman Victory [ii]

While the Romans occupied Britain for 400 years, the legacy in terms of place-names is not from Latin itself but from Anglo-Saxon descriptors of the geographical locations of places near Roman settlements or camps. British place-names have Celtic, Saxon and Viking roots.

The English suffix -chester (and variant forms) is derived from Old English (OE) ceaster (fortress; fortified/ walled town), a loan-word from Latin: castra, castrōrum [2/n/pl] camp e.g. Chester, Dorchester, Manchester.

Locations in England with -ceaster did not have the suffix as part of an original Roman name. Some origins can be unclear and / or disputed, and are sometimes derived from Latinisation of Celtic terms pre-dating Roman occupation.

[1]

Chester: founded as a Roman fort was originally called Deva Victrix, a settlement then developing around it.

Mamucium (or Mancunium): the name of the Roman fort in an area of what is now known as Manchester, citizens of which are still called Mancunians. However, the Latin name has its origins in Celtic.

Image #1: Mameceſtre [ſ = s] (Manchester) listed in the Domesday Book, a manuscript survey of England and Wales written in Latin and completed in 1086 on the orders of William the Conqueror

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book

Colchester: known by the Romans as Camulodunum, it was first referred to as Colenceaster and Colneceastre in the 10th century; one view is that the name is a combination of colōnia and castra, the former word referring to a Roman colonial settlement, which is possible given that it was the original capital of Roman Britain, and the city of Cologne (Köln) in Germany is similarly derived from colōnia.

Image #2: (Domesday) Coleceſtra

[2] Variations of the OE ceaster exist in place-names such as:

Ancaster (Lincolnshire)

Doncaster (Yorkshire); (Domesday) Donecastre

Cirencester (Gloucestershire) < OE: Ċirenċeaster; (Domesday) Cirecestre

Worcester < OE: Weogornaċeaster; (Domesday) Wirecestre

Caistor (Lincolnshire); Castor (Cambridgeshire)

[3] In the present location of Leicester was the Roman settlement of Ratae Corieltauvorum, renamed in the Anglo-Saxon period as Ligera ceaster or Legoraceaster i.e. a walled settlement relating either to the name of the river or to a Celtic tribal name.

Image #3: (Domesday) Civitas de Ledecestre

[4]

Exeter: Roman Isca Dumnoniorum < Isca (Celtic): water (the river is still known as the Exe) + Dumnoniorum (of the Dumnonii tribe); the Anglo-Saxons adapted the name to Escanceaster > Exeter

Wroxeter: Roman Viroconium Cornoviorum < Viroconium (the name of a Celtic leader or tribe) + Cornoviorum (of the Cornovii tribe);

Image #4: (Domesday) Rochecestre

[5] An interesting example is Chesterton, a combination of OE ceaster and ton < OE: tūn (town) i.e. a settlement near a Roman camp.

The word tūn itself could refer to any enclosed piece of ground hence Modern Dutch: tuin (garden) or Modern German: Zaun (fence). Similarly: Casterton (Cumbria) and both Little Casterton and Great Casterton (Lincolnshire).

Image #5: (Domesday) Cestretone

[6] Gloucestershire shows the layers of linguistic influence in the British Isles: Roman: Glēvum (or colōnia Glēvum) + OE: ceaster (La: castra) > OE: Glowecestre

+ OE scīr  (administrative region), that word itself possibly related to La: cūra which can mean ‘administration’ or ‘management’ > Gloucestershire

Image #6: (Domesday) Glowecestre

Image #7: (Domesday Book) HIC ANNOTANTUR TENENTES TERRAS IN DEVENESCIRE │ Here are noted those holding lands in Devonshire

Image #8: note the use of CEASTRA in the Bayeux Tapestry

This is a good site: https://opendomesday.org/

Names of people and places can be easily searched with links to clear manuscripts and detailed extracts.

22.11.25: Level 2; Vincent (Latin Reader); XXXVI; a Roman Victory [i]

Inde Caesar exercitum exposuit atque locum castrīs idōneum dēlēgit. Caesar, dum decem cohortēs et trecentī equitēs in castrīs manent, tertiā vigiliā cum legiōnibus suīs contrā hostēs contendit. Equitēs Britannōrum atque esseda ex locō altiōre contrā Rōmānōs pugnābant. Sed equitēs Rōmānī hostēs fugāvērunt; Britannī, quī in silvīs sē occultābant, rārī contrā Rōmānōs pugnābant. Mīlitēs legiōnis septimae, quī testūdinem fēcērunt, hostēs ex silvīs expulērunt. Caesar, quod nātūram locī ignōrābat atque castra mūnīre volēbat, hostibus nōn īnstābat.

[A] Comprehension

[i] In sentence 1, what are the first two things which Caesar did? (3)

[ii] What military forces remained in the camp? (2)

[iii] What is the period of time indicated by tertiā vigiliā? (1)

[A] Noon – 3PM; [B] 12AM – 3AM; [C] 9PM – Midnight

[iv] From where did the Britons start fighting? (1)

[v] Where did the Britons hide? (1)

[vi] Mīlitēs legiōnis septimae, quī testūdinem fēcērunt

What is the meaning – in context – of the word in bold? (1)

[vii] Why did Caesar not pursue the enemy? (2)

[B] Grammar review

[1] hostibus nōn īnstābat

[a] What case is the noun in bold and [b] why is that case being used? (2)

[2] locum castrīs idōneum dēlēgit

[a] What case is the noun in bold and [b] why is that case being used? (2)

[3] testūdinem fēcērunt

What is the nominative singular of the noun in bold? (1)

[4] Britannī … rārī contrā Rōmānōs pugnābant.

[a] What type of word is in bold and [b] how would it best be translated into English? (2)

[5] Caesar … tertiā vigiliā cum legiōnibus suīs contrā hostēs contendit.

Why is suīs used in this sentence? (1)

[6] Caesar … castra mūnīre volēbat [a] What form of the verb is mūnīre and [b] why is it being used here? (2)

[7] Give the first person singular present tense of:

[a] exposuit; [b] dēlēgit; [c] expulērunt (3)

[8] Britannī, quī in silvīs sē occultābant

[a] What type of word is in bold and [b] what type of clause is in italics? (2)

[9] Translate: Caesar, quod nātūram locī ignōrābat, … (2)

____________________

[A] Comprehension

[i] landed the army (1); selected a position (1); suitable for a camp (1)

[ii] ten cohorts (1); three hundred cavalry (1)

[iii] [B] 12AM – 3AM; approximate divisions of the night in Ancient Rome:

Prīma vigilia│First watch: 6:00 PM to 9:00 PM

Secunda vigilia │ Second watch: 9:00 PM to 12:00 AM

Tertia vigilia │ Third watch: 12:00 AM to 3:00 AM

Quārta vigilia │ Fourth watch: 3:00 AM to 6:00 AM (until dawn)

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/220324-ordinal-numbers-2-telling-time.html

[iv] from a higher position

[v] forests

[vi] a form of shelter used in sieges, or a close formation of shields above soldiers’ heads

https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=testudo-harpers

[vii] did not know the nature of the place (1); wanted to fortify the camp (1)

[B] Grammar review

[1] [a] dative [b] with compound verb i.e. īnstō, -āre

[2] [a] dative [b] with idōneus, -a, -um: suitable for a camp

[3] testūdō, testūdinis [3/f] (literally): tortoise / turtle (-shell)

[4] [a] adjective [b] rarely i.e. as an adverb although Latin frequently uses an adjective to describe the person performing the action as opposed to describing the action itself

[5] suus, -a, -um: his own (as opposed to eius which would refer to somebody else)

[6] [a] infinitive [b] after the verb volēbat i.e. he wanted to fortify the camp

[7] [a] expōnō; [b] dēligō; [c] expellō

[8] relative pronoun; [b] relative / adjectival clause

[9] Caesar, because (1) he did not know (1) the nature of the place, …

21.11.25: Level 1; Carolus et Maria [16][vi] Grammar Notes (2) Perfect Passive

Herī Carolus ad tēctum Cassī invītātus est. │ Yesterday Carolus was invited to Cassius’ house

omnēs rēs sunt parātae │ all the things have been prepared

[1] ‘invītātus’ and ‘paratae’ are examples of a perfect passive participle with the literal meaning of ‘having been invited’ and ‘having been prepared’

[2] This is the equivalent of Engllish “The letter was written yesterday”, “The car has been sold”, but it is not the equivalent of “*I have written* a letter” or “*He has sold* his car”. In Latin ‘invītātus’ is only passive; it can only mean ‘invited’ in the sense having been invited e.g. I was invited to my friend’s wedding.

[3] perfect passive participles are like adjectives in that they agree with the subject in gender, number and case.

Carolus ad tēctum Cassī invītātus est. │ Carolus was invited to Cassius’ house.

Maria ad tēctum Cassī invītāta est. │ Maria was invited to Cassius’ house.

Omnēs puerī invītātī sunt. │All the boys were invited.

Omnēs puellae invītātae sunt. │ All the girls were invited.

[4] perfect passive participles end in -tus or -sus

invitō, invītāre (invite) > invītātus, -a, -um: (Having been) invited

parō, parāre (prepare) > parātus, -a, -um: (having been) prepared

videō, vidēre (see) > vīsus, -a, um: (having been) seen

[5] These perfect passive participles are very often used with the verb esse to say that something was / has been done, but note the difference:

Carolus ad tēctum Cassī invītātus est. │ Carolus was / has been invited to Cassius’ house.

omnēs rēs sunt parātae │ all the things were / have been prepared

i.e. Latin uses the present tense of esse + the perfect passive participle to convey ‘was / has been (done)’

[6] Depending on context, it can sometimes be translated as in English, but it is best to keep as close as possible to the Latin original:

omnēs rēs sunt parātae │ all the things have been prepared [ = all the things are ready]

Perfect passive participles are an important topic and so focus on the basic principles that have been referred to here, and the key information was discussed at the following links:

28.08.24: follow-up on previous post 'how cats shows their emotions' [3]; level 2; perfect passive participles - a brief introduction

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/07/280824-follow-up-on-previous-post-how_79.html

01.09.24: Follow-up; Level 2; Perseus cartoon [2]; perfect passive

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/07/010924-follow-up-level-2-perseus_25.html

13.01.25: Level 2; the passive voice [20]: the perfect passive [1]; three-in-one: the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect passive; the fourth principal part / the perfect passive participle

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/10/130125-level-2-passive-voice-20-perfect.html

21.11.25: Level 1; Carolus et Maria [16][v] Grammar Notes (1): 4th declension nouns

There are four new nouns introduced in this text, all of which end in -us, but they belong to different declensions.

arcus: bow

carrus: wagon; cart

locus: place

manus: hand

Until now you have seen that nouns ending in -us are 2nd declension, and almost all of them are masculine. However, as mentioned in earlier posts, there are other nouns ending in -us that are not 2nd declension. How can you tell the difference? The answer is – if you only look at the nouns in the way they are listed above – you can’t, which is why it is important to note the nominative and genitive singular of a Latin noun, because the genitive singular is different for each declension i.e. it is the genitive singular that will tell you the declension.

[i] carrus and locus are second declension and are listed as follows:

carrus, -ī (gen. sg. in -ī) [2/m]

locus, -ī (gen. sg. -ī) [2/m]

[ii] arcus and manus are fourth declension and are listed as follows:

arcus, -ūs (gen. sg. in -ūs) [4/m] i.e. the only distinction between the nominative and genitive singular is the vowel length (nom. sg -us; gen. sg. -ūs)

Almost all 4^th declension nouns in -us are masculine, but there are exceptions:

manus, -ūs (gen. sg. in -ūs) [4/f]

Some 4^th declension nouns are neuter and end in a distinctive -ū in the nominative, for example:

cornū, -ūs (gen. sg. in -ūs) [4/n]: horn

LINK to all previous posts on the 4^th declension:

https://mega.nz/file/DA9mFBBY#Yj4KLIjYqE17OtRVQkSaJZqDv6jNyOnfZjGSaIPUsc0

20.11.25: Level 3; indefinites [5] ali- [ii] aliquis; declension and examples

Images #1 - #2: aliquis, aliqua, aliquid (aliquod); declension (singular and plural)

Image #3: All the examples show the word operating either as a pronoun standing alone or as an adjective describing a noun; note, in particular, the difference between -quid and -quod because that difference applies to all the indefinites:

[1] pronoun

Dēnique aliquid exstābit (Cicero) │ In the end something will appear

nam iam domum ībō atque aliquid surripiam patrī (Plautus) │ For I'll go home now, and steal something from my father

[2] adjective

Nūllus es, Geta, nisi iam aliquod tibi cōnsilium celere reperīs (Terence) │  You’re a dead man, Geta, unless you come up quickly with some plan

cum … aliquod bellum incidit (Caesar) │ when some war begins

[3] Image #4: aliquid can be followed by a noun or adjective in the genitive case

aliquid nummōrum: some / a few coins

In grammar this is known as a partitive genitive, the equivalent of English: a lot of money;  something of interest

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/020324-partitive-genitive.html

English uses this with nouns, but Latin can also use it with adjectives:

ego illī aliquid ¦ bonī [genitive] dīcam (Plautus) │ I may say something ¦ nice to him

The French language still reflects this original genitive use:

Fr: quelque chose d’intéressant │ something interesting [literally: something of interesting]

Examples: singular

Tacē modo: deus respiciet nōs aliquis (Plautus)│ Oh, do shut up: some god will look out for us

aliquī ex nostrīs (Caesar) │ someone from our men

aliqua mala crux semper est, quae aliquid petat (Plautus) │ there’s always some evil tormentor who’s after something

Nōlō, inquam, aurum concrēdī mihi, vel dā aliquem quī servet mē (Plautus) │ I don't want money put in my charge, I say. At least, appoint someone who’ll watch me.

nam pater exspectat aut mē aut aliquem nūntium (Plautus) │ for my father is expecting either me or some messenger

iam ego illūc praecurram atque īnscendam aliquam in arborem (Plautus) │ Now I'll run on ahead and climb some tree

istī puerō …  dā ponderōsam aliquam epistulam … (Cicero)│ give this man of mine … some bulky letter…

Quō maior est suspīciō malitiae alicuius … (Cicero)│ Even greater is my suspicion of some trickery or other …

Graecī … pōculum alicui trāditūrī … │ the Greeks … (when) about to hand over the cup to anyone …

Antequam aliquō locō cōnsēderō … (Cicero) │Before I have settled down somewhere [ = at some place] …

nūlla enim abs tē … epistula inānis aliquā rē ūtilī … vēnerat (Cicero) │ for no letter has come from you devoid of any useful matter

… aliquid malī esse propter vīcīnum malum (Plautus) │ … that there’s something bad (some evil) close to a bad neighbour [ = a bad neighbour brings bad luck]

Examples: plural

an aliqua firmiōra aut graviōra quaerenda sunt? (Cicero) │ or are some more reliable or more important things to be sought?

Cōgitō interdum trāns Tiberim hortōs aliquōs parāre (Cicero) │ I think at times of buying some gardens across the Tiber

ut mihi aedīs [acc. pl] aliquās [acc. pl] condūcat volō (Cicero)│ I want him to hire some house for me; in the singular aedis, -is [3/f] means ‘temple’, but, in the plural, means ‘house’

aut aliquōrum iūdicium dē similī causā … prōferēmus (Cicero)│ or we shall set forth the judgement of any others concerning a similar case

Singular and plural in the same sentence

sī ab nārrātiōne dīcere incipiāmus aut ab aliquā firmissimā argūmentātiōne aut litterārum aliquārum recitātiōne (Cicero) │ if we should begin to speak from the Statement of Facts, or from some very strong argument, or the reading of some documents

Medical advice from Celsus:

ōre ūmor calidus cum medicāmentīs aliquibus continētur, saepiusque mūtātur │ and hot water containing certain medicaments is held in the mouth and frequently changed

20.11.25: Level 3; indefinites [4] ali- [i]

The prefix ali- creates indefinite pronouns, adjectives or adverbs from interrogatives:

[i] quis │ who > aliquis (or aliquī), aliqua, aliquid (aliquod): someone / anyone; something / anything

• aliquā  (adverb): somehow; in some manner
• aliquō (adverb): to somewhere

[ii] quandō│when > aliquandō: sometime(s); at sometime; now and then

[iii] quot│ how much / many > aliquot: a few; some; several

[iv] quotiē(n)s │ how many times > aliquotiē(n)s: several times

[v] quantus, -a, -um │ how much / many / great

• aliquantus, -a, -um: somewhat; considerable (amount)
• aliquantum (adverb): to some extent
• aliquantō (adverb): somewhat; a little; with the comparative: aliquantō longior │ a little longer

[vi] ubi│ where > alicubi: somewhere

[vii] unde│ from where > alicunde: from somewhere; from any place

[viii] quālis, -e│ what kind > (Mediaeval) aliquālis, -e: of some / any kind > (Mediaeval) aliquāliter: in some / any way; to some extent

ali- is possibly a truncated form of alius (other):

ibi: there > alibī (alius + ibi): somewhere else (the word you need, of course, if charged with murder; you need to have been somewhere else i.e. you need an alibi)

20.11.25: Level 3; indefinites [3] markers; recognition and meaning

The aim of this post is to introduce the “markers” which indicate that they are indefinite. What matters is being able to recognise these in order to identify them and to give an appropriate translation

“The use of the indefinites is very various, and must be learned from the Lexicon and from practice. The choice among them may depend merely on the point of view of the speaker, so that they are often practically interchangeable.” (Allen and Greenough)

While that comment is true, and translations of them often differ or there are ‘overlaps’ in terms of usage, it is better, at the early stage at least, to keep very specific translations in mind. Therefore, I have dealt with each of them separately.

aliquis: someone (also: quispiam, and quis alone)

quīdam: a certain

quīcumque: whoever

quisque: each (one)

quisquam: anyone

quīvīs / quīlibet: whoever / whatever you please; any one; any thing whatever

20.11.25: Level 3; Socrates

In eundem carcerem paucīs post annīs Sōcratēs iit, eōdem scelere iūdicum. Quī est igitur eius sermō apud iūdicēs? "Lubenter," inquit, "mortī obviam ībō. Alterum enim dē duōbus fīet: aut sēnsūs omnīnō omnēs mors auferet, aut in alium quendam ex hīs locīs abībimus. Itaque aut somnō fruēmur, aut cum optimō quoque cīve loquī poterimus et versārī."

[1]

in eundem carcerem │ into the same prison

eōdem scelere │ through the same wickedness

When reading don’t confuse two endings: [i] -dem and [ii] -dam

We will deal with -dam in the Level 3 language topic of indefinites. Therefore, simply bear in mind that -dem indicates ‘the same’; this was discussed here:

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2025/02/150525-level-3-beasts-in-egypt-and.html

[2] mortī obviam ībō │ I shall go to meet / face death

obviam (adv.): in the way; against; at hand; within reach

sī nihil obviam est (Plautus) │ if there’s nothing within reach

It is often used with verbs of movement to indicate, for example, going to meet / “face” somebody or something, and the person / thing being faced is in the dative case. All the quotations, apart from one, are from Plautus.

mortī [dative] obviam ībō │ I shall go to meet / face death

[i] ībō ego illī [dative] obviam [ii] ībō huic [dative] obviam │ I'll go meet him

obviam grātulantēs Antōniō exiērunt (Caesar)│ they went out [literally congratulating] to meet Antony = they went out to meet Antony to give their congratulations

sed ego cessō īre obviam adulēscentī │ But why am I delaying going to meet the young man?

Sī istāc ībis, commodum obviam veniēs patrī │ If you go that way, you'll conveniently run into your father [ = literally: you will come into the path of (your) father]

Num nōn vīs mē obviam hīs īre? │ Won't you let me go to find them?

sī rēx obstābit obviam, rēgem ipsum prius pervortitō │ if the king stands in your way, first overthrow the king himself

____________________

A few years after Socrates went to the same prison through the same (kind of) wickedness of his judges. What then is his speech before the judges? ‘Willingly,’ he said, ‘shall I go to meet death; for one thing of two will happen: either death will altogether remove all feelings, or we shall go to some other (place) from these (places). So we shall either enjoy sleep, or shall be able to converse and live with all the best citizens.’

19.11.25: Latin (intermediate) multi-choice questions [4]

Which ([A], [B] or [C]) is the correct Latin translation?

[1] by chance: [A] fortis [B] forte [C] fortius

[2] habit; custom:  [A] mōs [B] mox [C] mors

[3] everyone: [A] omnīnō  [B] ōminis [C] omnēs

[4] at home: [A] domum [B] domō [C] domī

[5] near; because of [A] propter [B] praeter [C] praetor

[6] inside: [A] inter [B] intrā [C] intrō

[7] 500: [A] quīnquāgintā  [B] quīngentī [C] quīndecim

[8] cavalryman: [A] eques [B] equus [C] aequus

[9] walls: [A] murus [B] mūrēs [C] murī

[10] better: [A] mīles [B] melius [C] mellis

____________________

Answers

[1] by chance: [B] forte

[2] habit; custom:  [A] mōs

[3] everyone: [C] omnēs

[4] at home: [C] domī

[5] near; because of [A] propter

[6] inside: [B] intrā

[7] 500: [B] quīngentī

[8] cavalryman: [A] eques

[9] walls: [C] murī

[10] better: [B] melius

18.11.25: Level 1; Carolus et Maria [16][iv] Listening [ii]

Section #4: fill in the blanks with the missing endings listed below.

[i] Post ūn_____ hōr_____ prope puer_____ est aedifici_____. “Habitat_____ aliquis ibi?” inquit Carolus ubi ad aedifici_____  ven_____.

-ōs; -it; -ne; -am; -am; -um; -um

[ii] “Numquam ibi vir_____  et fēmin_____  vīdī,” respond_____  Cassius. Ubi in tēctum puerī ven_____, omnia spect_____.

-ōs; -iunt; -et; -ās; -ant

[iii] Hīc est mēnsa. In ill_____  loc_____  est pictūra mīlit_____  quī in capit_____  gale_____  habet. Scūt_____  et iacul_____  et gladi_____  habet.

-am; -e; -is; -um; -um; -um; -ō; -ō

[iv] Hīc aliquis habitā_____. Diū puer_____  in aedifici_____  man_____. Hīc cēn_____  ed_____.

-am; -ent; -ī; -ō; -unt; -vit

[v] Post cēn_____ ex aedifici_____ curr_____et in man_____ arc_____ et sagitt_____ port_____.

-am; -ant; -ās; -ibus; -ō; -unt; -ūs

[vi] Animālia vid_____ sed nūllum cap_____. Mox est vesper et puer_____ dēfessī dom_____ eu_____. Equ_____ nunc dom_____ et ad stabul_____, in qu_____ frūment_____ est, laetē curr_____.

-ent; -ī; -it; -iunt; -nt; -ō; -um; -um; -um; -um; -us

Section #5: fill in the blanks with the missing endings, but, this time, the endings are not listed.

“Ubi,” inquit māter, “sunt animāl_____?” Puer_____ nunc in tēctum ven_____ et omnia nārr_____.

“Multa vīd_____ sed nūllum cēpimus,” respond_____ puerī. “Multās hōr_____ in aedifici_____ manē_____. Mox erat vesper et dēfessī er_____.”

Mox Carolus dom_____ it. In man_____ sagittās sed nūllum animal port_____. Ubi Carolus ad tēctum Cassī invītāt_____, laetus est.          

18.11.25: Level 1; Carolus et Maria [16][iii] Listening [i]

Fill in the blanks with the missing words listed below each section. However, in the last section, the words are not listed.

Carolus et Maria XVI

Section #1 [i]

_____ _____ faciunt Carolus et Cassius? _____ Carolus ad tēctum Cassī _____ est. _____ per agrum ambulābat. _____ equum habēbat. _____, dōnum _____, et quattuor _____ portābat _____ _____cum Cassiō per silvam _____ et multa animālia _____ cupiēbat.

arcum; capere; herī; hodiē; invītātus; īre; māne; nūllum; patris; quid; quod; sagittās; vesperī

Section #1 [ii]

Māne puerī sunt  _____. Māne omnēs  _____ sunt  _____. Cassius equum nigrum et  _____ habet. In  _____  _____ rēs portantur. _____, frūmentum, _____, cēna  _____ sunt in carrō. Iacula nōn portant, quod  _____ sagittāriī, nōn mīlitēs, sunt.

arcūs; carrō; carrum; laetī; multae; nunc; parātae; puerōrum; rēs; sagittae

Section #2

“_____,” inquit māter. “_____,” inquiunt puerī _____ nunc in _____ sunt. Equus niger, _____ nōmen est “Pulcher,” validus est. _____ agrōs in viīs _____ properat. Ā _____ et _____ sinistrā _____ rēs _____ sunt grātae. _____ equus _____ viā currit. “Pulcher _____videt et timet,” inquit Cassius. “_____ est?”

ā; aliquid; carrō; cuius; dextrā; ē; lātīs; omnēs; per; puerīs; quī; quid; subitō; valē; valēte

Section #3: fill in the missing words listed below; they are not listed.

_____ trāns viam _____ parvum animal currit. Carrum et equum videt et timet et per agrum properat. _____ secundum et tertium animal _____ viam _____ equum currunt. _____ equus in viā nōn fortiter currit _____ tria animālia timet. In _____ viā stat et currere nōn cupit. Puerī _____ timent et “Properā, Pulcher,” inquiunt. “_____est perīculum. Es _____.” _____ animālia nōn videntur, Pulcher _____ currit.