Saturday, November 14, 2026

15.11.26: Level 3 (review) reduplication

The term ‘reduplication’ refers to a word in which either part or all of the word is repeated. In English, it occurs in several forms:

[1] ‘Baby’ talk, e.g. choo-choo, bye-bye, night-night

[2] Emphasis, e.g. I would never ever do that!

[3] Repetition with a vowel change, e.g. chit-chat, zig-zag, tick-tock.

[4] Rhyming formations, e.g. super-duper, hocus-pocus, easy-peasy, nitty-gritty.

In Latin, reduplication occurs in the formation of

[1] some indefinites

quisquis: whoever

quidquid / quicquid: whatever

Since the word is a repetition, both parts decline, but, in practice, only the nominative forms are commonly found as well as:

quōquō: to wherever / to whatever place

quotquot: however many

Quisquis es, quidquid tibi nōmen est, senex, summum Iovem deōsque dō testēs (Plautus) │ Whoever you are, whatever your name is, old gentleman, I call Heaven and God on high to witness

pūrās sibi esse volt aedis: domī quidquid habet, ēicitur (Plautus) │ He wants his house to be pure: whatever he has at home is thrown out

Hoc quidem hercle, quōquō ībō, mēcum erit (Plautus) │ This, indeed, by Hercules, wherever I will go, will be with me

Quia certum est mihi, quasi umbra, quōquō tū ībis, tē semper sequī (Plautus) │ Because I have made up my mind always to follow you, like a shadow, wherever you go.

Quotquot autem recēpērunt eum dedit eīs potestātem (Vulgate) │ but as many as / however many received him, he gave them power …

[2] certain pronouns to create emphasis, the first two being rare:

mēmē: myself

tētē: yourself

sēsē: him / her / itself / themselves

[3] some very common perfect tense verbs; there are two patterns to note:

[i] Repetition of the initial consonant of the base verb, followed by e:

cadō (fall) > cecidī

tangō (touch) > tetigī

[ii] Repetition of the initial consonant and the vowel of the base verb, before the remainder of the perfect stem:

currō (run) > cucurrī

mordeō (bite) > momordī

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Latin_reduplicative_verbs

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