06.08.26; Level 3+; Subjunctive [82] dependent uses [10] antequam / priusquam (2) practice

Complete the Latin quotations with the verbs listed below:

[1] indicative

[i] And before I speak about the hardships of Sicily …

Atque antequam dē incommodīs Siciliae __________ … (Cicero)

[ii] Before I came into Sicily …

antequam ego in Siciliam __________… (Cicero)

[iii] But before we speak about the principles of oratory …

Sed antequam dē praeceptīs ōrātōriīs __________… (Cicero)

[iv] Before he has put forward sufficiently suitable arguments …

antequam satis idōneās argūmentātiōnēs __________… (Cicero)

[v] All that time which was before he entered upon public office and political life …

Omne illud tempus quod fuit antequam iste ad magistrātūs remque pūblicam __________… (Cicero)

[vi] He does not dare to submit his accounts to the treasury before Dolabella has been condemned.

Ratiōnēs ad aerārium, antequam Dolābella __________, nōn audet referre (Cicero)

[vii] and all the enemy turned their backs and did not stop fleeing before they reached the Rhine River

atque omnēs hostēs terga vertērunt nec prius fugere dēstitērunt quam ad flūmen Rhēnum … __________ (Caesar)

[viii] They don’t go way before they have written something

nōn prius abeunt quam aliquid __________ (Apuleius)

[ix] Shortly before he died, he had handed over everything to Heraclius

Hērāclīō, aliquantō ante quam __________, omnia trādiderat (Cicero)

[2] Subjunctive

[i] Carpinatius, before he had come into such close intimacy with that man, had on several occasions sent letters to the allies about that man’s injustices.

Carpinātius, antequam in istīus familiāritātem tantam __________, aliquotiēns ad sociōs litterās dē istīus iniūriīs mīserat (Cicero)

[ii] Sextus Pompeius sent a letter to his brother, … lest Caesar should capture Corduba before he himself had arrived there.

Sex. Pompēius litterās frātrī mīsit … nē prius Caesar Cordubam caperet quam ipse illō __________ (Bellum Hispāniēnse)

[iii] …before they could either assemble or flee, he forced them … to give hostages to him.

… priusquam illī aut convenīre aut profugere __________ … obsidēs sibi dare coēgit (Caesar)

[iv] The next day, Caesar, before the enemy could recover from their terror and flight, led his army into the territory of the Suessiones.

Postrīdiē eius diēī Caesar, priusquam sē hostēs ex terrōre ac fugā __________, in fīnēs Suessiōnum… exercitum dūxit (Caesar)

[v] He decided that, before more states could unite in conspiracy, his army must be divided and deployed more widely. 

priusquam plūrēs cīvitātēs __________, partiendum sibi ac lātius distribuendum exercitum putāvit (Caesar)

[vi] Therefore,  before he attempted anything, he ordered Diviciacus to be summoned to him.

Itaque priusquam quicquam __________, Dīviciācum ad sē vocārī iubet [historical present] (Caesar)

[vii] They drove them in such panic that they did not stop fleeing before they had come into view of our column. 

Ita perterritōs ēgerunt ut nōn prius fugā dēsisterent quam in cōnspectum agminis nostrī __________ (Caesar)

[viii] It was two hundred years before they captured the city of Rome that the Gauls crossed into Italy.

Ducentīs annīs ante quam urbem Rōmam __________, in Italiam Gallī trānscendērunt (Livy)

[ix] He quickly put a fortification round the hill before it could be noticed by the enemy

(collem) celeriter, priusquam ab adversāriīs __________, commūnit [historical present] (Caesar)

accessit; attulerit; caperent; cōnārētur; condemnātus est; cōnspīrārent; dīcimus; dīcō; est mortuus; pervēnērunt; pervēnisset; possent; reciperent; scrīpserint; sentiātur; vēnī; vēnissent; vēnisset

____________________

[1]

[i] dīcō

[ii] vēnī

[iii] dīcimus

[iv] attulerit

[v] accessit

[vi] condemnātus est

[vii] pervēnērunt

[viii] scrīpserint

[ix] est mortuus

[2]

[i] pervēnisset

[ii] vēnisset

[iii] possent

[iv] reciperent

[v] cōnspīrārent

[vi] cōnārētur

[vii] vēnissent

[viii] caperent

[ix] sentiātur

06.08.26; Level 3+; Subjunctive [81] dependent uses [10] antequam / priusquam (1)

antequam; priusquam

[1] Both are conjunctions meaning ‘before’ and introduce a subordinate clause of time.

[2] Both consist of two parts:

ante (before) + quam (than)

prius (sooner) + quam (than)

[3] Both can be written as:

• one word: antequam / priusquam
• two words: ante quam / prius quam
• two words separated by other words: ante … quam / prius … quam

[4] Both can be followed by a verb  in either [A] the indicative or [B] the subjunctive.

Compare these two sentences in English:

[A] Before the train arrived, I had breakfast.

• The arrival of the train is presented as a past fact; “I had breakfast and then the train arrived.”

[B] I decided to have breakfast before the train arrived; “I had breakfast, but the train had not yet arrived.”

• The arrival of the train was still expected.

English does not necessarily change its verb form to convey the two different ideas. However, look at the second pair of examples:

[A] Before he spoke, he thought about his answer carefully;

• Implication: he thought and then he spoke (factual).

[B] I gave him the answer before he could (even) speak.

• Implication: the action is not simply expected, but rather it did not happen at all. This is emphsised by the use of ‘could’.

Latin uses:

[A] the indicative when a point in time in the past is presented as factual

[B] the subjunctive when the point in time in the past had not yet taken place. In grammar, this can be described as prospective, for example the speaker intended to do something, or expected something to happen – but it had not yet happened, and may, in fact, never have happened.

[A] Antequam tuās lēgī [indicative] litterās, hominem īre cupiēbam (Cicero)

• Before I read your letter, I wanted the man to go.

i.e. Cicero refers to a factual point in time in the past.

Priusquam tuās lēgī hās proximās litterās, quaesīvī dē meā Tulliā (Cicero)

• Before I read this letter of yours, I asked about my Tullia

Antequam ā tē proximē discessī, numquam mihi venit in mentem … (Cicero)

• It never occurred to me before I left you the other day …

Caesar priusquam eōdem est profectus, lūna hōrā circiter sextā vīsa est (Bellum Hispāniēnse)

• Before Caesar set out for the same place, the moon was seen at about the sixth hour.

[B]

Subitō cōnsilium cēpī, ut, antequam lūcēret [subjunctive], exīrem (Cicero)

• I suddenly decided to leave town before it got light.

Quam priusquam aperuissem, dīxī eī tē ad mē dē eō scrīpsisse anteā (Cicero)

• Before I opened it, I told him that you had written to me about him before.

In this example, the point in time is not expected, but simply did not happen; note the translator’s use of ‘could’ to make that clear:

Priusquam tū suum sibi vēnderēs, ipse possēdit (Cicero)

• Before you could sell him his own property, he himself took possession of it.

Note this example from Caesar:

… priusquam id efficī posset, adesse Rōmānōs nūntiātur [present] (Caesar)

• … before this could be accomplished, it was announced that the Romans were present. 

i.e. Caesar uses a present tense in the main clause – known as the historical present – to make the action appear more immediate. However, the entire event was in the past and so the imperfect subjunctive verb with priusquam still indicates that the action was still not completed at the time.

[3] When antequam and priusquam are referring to future actions, the indicative is generally used:

Litterās dēs, antequam discēdimus (Cicero)

• You should give (me) a letter before I [Cicero: “we”] leave.

Priusquam dē cēterīs rēbus respondeō, dē amīcitiā pauca dīcam (Cicero)

• Before I reply concerning the rest of the matters, I shall say a few things about friendship.

Antequam aliquō locō cōnsēderō, neque longās ā mē neque semper meā manū litterās exspectābis

• Nor will you expect long letters from me nor always letters in my own handwriting, before I have settled [literally: shall have settled] down somewhere.

[4] Examples of antequam and priusquam written as two words and separated by other words:

Neque prius fugere dēstitērunt quam ad flūmen pervēnērunt (Caesar)

• And they did not stop running before they reached the river.

Ante pūgnārī coeptum est quam satis īnstruerētur aciēs (Livy)

• The fight was begun before the line could be properly formed.

prius ad hostium castra pervēnit quam quid agerētur Germānī sentīre possent (Caesar) 

• he arrived at the enemy's camp before the Germans could perceive what was happening. 

06.08.26: Level 3+; Comenius (1658) CXLIII; the besieging of a city [8] vocabulary and notes [vii]: from the authors

[i] turrēs contabulantur, pinnae lōrīcaeque ex crātibus attexuntur (Caesar)

• towers are constructed, the battlements and protective walls are constructed out of wicker

Note: attexuntur < attexō, -ere [3]: attach by weaving 

[ii] et lōrīcam vallumque per fīnīs suōs Trevīrī strūxēre (Tacitus)

• and the Treveri had constructed a breastwork and rampart across their territory

[iii] aggere et fossīs et mūrō circumdat urbem (Livy)

• He surrounds the City with a rampart, trenches, and a wall

[iv] Ēruptiōnibus [...] aggerī ignem īnferēbant (Caesar)

• By sorties they set fire to the ramparts

ēruptiō, -ōnis [3/f]: [i] eruption; [ii] (Military) sortie; sally, a sudden attack from troops who are besieged

[v] Ante haec tāleae pedem longae ferreīs hāmīs īnfīxīs tōtae in terram īnfodiēbantur mediocribusque intermissīs spatiīs omnibus locīs disserēbantur; quōs stimulōs nōminābant (Caesar)

• Stakes a foot long, with iron hooks attached to them, were entirely sunk in the ground before these (defences), and were planted in every place at small intervals; these they called spurs (some translations retain the Latin stimuli)

hāmus, -ī [2/m]: hook; fishhook

tālea, -ae [1/f] (wooden) stake

[vi] Post eās aggerem ac vāllum duodecim pedum exstrūxit. Huic lōrīcam pinnāsque adiēcit grandibus cervīs ēminentibus ad commissūrās pluteōrum atque aggeris, quī ascēnsum hostium tardārent, et turrēs tōtō opere circumdedit, quae pedēs LXXX inter sē distārent (Caesar)

• Behind these he raised a rampart and wall twelve feet high; to this he added a parapet and battlements, with large stakes cut like stags' horns, projecting outwards at the joints of the mantlets and the rampart, that would delay the enemy’s ascent, and he surrounded the entire work with turrets, which were eighty feet distant from one another.

opus, operis [3/n]: [i] (in general) work; labour, [ii] (here) a military work, either a defensive work, fortification, or a work of besiegers, a siege-engine, machine, etc

[vii] reliqua pars scrobis ad occultandās īnsidiās vīminibus ac virgultīs integēbātur. Huius generis octōnī ōrdinēs ductī ternōs inter sē pedēs distābant. Id ex similitūdine flōris līlium appellābant (Caesar)

• The rest of the pit was covered with wickerwork and brushwood to conceal the trap. Eight rows of this kind were laid out, each three feet apart from the next. They called this “the lily,” from its resemblance to the flower.

īnsidiae, īnsidiārum [1/f pl.]: ambush, trap

virgultum, -ī [2/n]: brushwood, thicket

scrobis, -is [3/f]: pit, trench

vīmen, vīminis [3/n]: wicker, pliant twig

____________________

Image #1: the līlia at Rough Castle, near Falkirk, Scotland

“These pits formed part of the forward (northern) defences of the Roman fort at Rough Castle, on the Antonine Wall. They were originally about 3 feet deep and probably held upright sharpened stakes; these pits were then concealed with brushwood. The defences here consisted of about ten rows of twenty pits each. These pits were opened up by excavation in 1903, and have been kept open since then.”

Image #2: series of wooden defensive spikes strategically placed in ditches encircling the fort (1st century CE Roman fort in Bad Ems, Germany)

06.08.26: Level 3+; Comenius (1658) CXLIII; the besieging of a city [7] vocabulary and notes [vi]: the Roman fieldworks at Alesia

main defensive line, a palisade, a wall of wooden stakes, used as a barrier constructed along an earthwork, together with a tower (1) – (3) and (6)

trenches and obstacles / anti-cavalry devices

The image details a series of ditches (5, 7), forked stakes and spikes (4, 8, 10) and hidden pits (9) designed to impede enemy advances

(1) lōrīca, -ae [1/f]:  [i] (soldier’s armour) coat of mail; cuirass [ii] (here) any form of defence e.g. parapet; breastwork i.e. a military fortification consisting of a low wall, often with wooden or wicker defenses

(2) pinnae, -ārum [1/f/pl]: battlements i.e the raised parts behind which defenders could shelter

(3)

agger, -is [3/m]: earthwork, especially defensive ramparts, dykes, dams, causeways, and piers

vallum, -ī [2/n]: wall; rampart; entrenchment

(4) cervus, -ī [2/m]: [i] deer; stag [ii] (from resemblance to the horns of a stag) cervī: forked stakes

(5), (7) fossa, -ae [1/f]: ditch; trench; moat

(6) turris, -is [3/f]: tower

(8) cippus, -ī [2/m]: sharpened stake

(9) līlium, -ī [2/n]: a form of defence, consisting of several rows of pits, in which stakes were planted, rising only four inches above the surface of the ground

(10) stimulus, -ī [2/m]: a sharp, barbed hook concealed beneath the surface of the ground, to repel hostile troops

05.08.26: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [31] [3]

Part Three

Trāns flūmen aliī mīlitēs castra sub monte ulteriōre, locō idōneō, pōnēbant. Imperātor illīus legiōnis nōn erat īdem. Ille imperātor erat hostis. Prīmus imperātor ipse mīlitēs dē perīculō monēbat. Deinde legiōnem ad hostēs dūxit. Proelium erat dūrum et inīquum quod magna erat legiō prīmī imperātōris. Undique erat nix alta quod erat hiems. Per nivem altam iter facere nōn est facile. Hostēs legiōnem parvam habēbant. Ex duōbus mīlibus mīlitum circiter mīlle mīlitēs necātī sunt. Magna erat praeda. Reliquī hostēs, quī nōn vulnerātī sunt, per silvās collēsque properābant. Fuga eōrum erat grāta legiōnī magnae. In proeliō hostēs victī sunt. Post proelium imperātor magnae legiōnis, “Ō mīlitēs,” inquit, “auxiliō ipsōrum deōrum et virtūte vestrā vīcimus. Eādem virtūte gentem nostram per omnēs terrās nōtam faciēmus. Haec et aliās rēs imperātor dīxit et mīlitēs laetitiam sēnsērunt.

Diū Cassius spectābat. Iterum eāsdem pictūrās vīdit. Subitō erant nūllae pictūrae, et ubīque in aedificiō lūx erat clāra. Puer undique circumspectābat et ecce! nēmō vidēbātur, nam sōlus erat Cassius. Paene timidus erat. Ex aedificiō cucurrit. Iter puerī erat longum sed pater eum in viā exspectābat.

[1] “Trāns flūmen … imperātōris.”

[i] Where exactly was a camp being placed? (3)

[ii] “Imperātor illīus legiōnis nōn erat īdem.”

Which commander is being referred to? (1)

[iii] What did the first commander do? (2)

[iv] How is the battle described and why? (3)

[2] “Undique … victī sunt.” In which order are the following first referred to?

total number of soldiers _____

soldiers not wounded _____

small legion _____

number of soldiers killed _____

loot (i.e. spoils of war) _____

fleeing _____

enemies defeated _____

difficuly in travelling _____

deep snow _____

[3] “mīlitēs laetitiam sēnsērunt”

What did the commander say after the battle to make the soldiers feel that way? Give your answer in note form. (5)

[4] Translate: “Diū Cassius … in viā exspectābat.” (12)

____________________

[1]

[i] across the river (1); at the foot of the more distant mountain (1); in a suitable location (1)

[ii] enemy commander (1)

[iii] warned his soldiers about the danger (1); led the legion against the enemy (1)

[iv] hard (1); unfair / unequal / uneven (1); first commander’s legion was large (1)

[2]

total number of soldiers (4)

soldiers not wounded (7)

small legion (3)

number of soldiers killed (5)

loot (i.e. spoils of war) (6)

fleeing (8)

enemies defeated (9)

difficuly in travelling (2)

deep snow (1)

[3]

they had won by the help of the gods (1) and by their (the soldiers’) courage (1)

they will make their people famous (1)

throughout all lands (1)

by the same courage (1)

[4]

Diū Cassius spectābat. │ Cassius was looking for a long time (1)

Iterum eāsdem pictūrās vīdit. │ Again he saw the same pictures (1)

Subitō erant nūllae pictūrae, │ Suddenly there were no pictures (1)

et ubīque in aedificiō │ and everywhere in the building (1)

lūx erat clāra. │ the light was bright (1)

Puer undique circumspectābat The boy looked around in all directions, (1)

et ecce! nēmō vidēbātur │ and look! No one could be seen, (1)

nam sōlus erat Cassius. │ for Cassius was alone. (1)

Paene timidus erat. │ He was almost frightened. (1)

Ex aedificiō cucurrit. │ He ran out of the building. (1)

Iter puerī erat longum │ The boy’s journey was long, (1)

sed pater eum in viā exspectābat. │ but his father was waiting for him on the road. (1)

04.08.26: Level 1 (review); vocabulary [3]: jobs and workplaces

[1] Which of the following refers to …

(a) a person’s job?

(b) a work place?

āctrīx

amphitheātrum

basilica

bibliopōla

carcer

coquus

culīna

cūstōs

forum piscātōrium

gladiātor

hortulānus

hortus

iūdex

magister

medicus

nauta

nāvis

piscātor

sacerdōs

schola

taberna lībrāria

templum

theātrum

valētūdinārium

[2] Label the images:

āctrīx, -cis [3/f]

amphitheātrum, -ī [2/n]

basilica, -ae [1/f]

bibliopōla, -ae [1/m]

carcer, -is [3/m]

coquus, -ī [2/m]

culīna, -ae [1/f]

cūstōs, cūstōdis [3/m]

forum, -ī [2/n] piscātōrium

gladiātor, gladiātōris [3/m]

hortulānus, -ī [2/m]

hortus, -ī [2/m]

iūdex, iūdicis [3/m]

magister, -rī [2/m]

medicus, -ī [2/m]

nauta, -ae [1/m]

nāvis, -is [3/f]

piscātor, -ōris [3/m]

sacerdōs, sacerdōtis [3 m/f]

schola, -ae [1/f]

taberna, -ae [1/f] lībrāria

templum, -ī [2/n]

theātrum, -ī [2/n]

valētūdinārium, -ī [2/n]

[3] Complete the sentences

1. Āctrīx in __________ labōrat.
2. Bibliopōla in __________ labōrat.
3. Coquus in __________ labōrat.
4. Cūstōs in __________ labōrat.
5. Gladiātor in __________ labōrat.
6. Hortulānus in __________ labōrat.
7. Iūdex in __________ labōrat.
8. Magister in __________ labōrat.
9. Medicus in __________ labōrat.
10. Nauta in __________ labōrat.
11. Piscātor in __________ labōrat.
12. Sacerdōs in __________ labōrat.

amphitheātrō; basilicā; carcere; culīnā; forō piscātōriō; hortō; nāve; scholā; tabernā lībrāriā; templō; theātrō; valētūdināriō

[4] Answer the questions:

1. Quis in amphitheātrō labōrat?
2. Quis in basilicā labōrat?
3. Quis in carcere labōrat?
4. Quis in culīnā labōrat?
5. Quis in forō piscātōriō labōrat?
6. Quis in hortō labōrat?
7. Quis in nāve labōrat?
8. Quis in scholā labōrat?
9. Quis in tabernā lībrāriā labōrat?
10. Quis in templō labōrat?
11. Quis in theātrō labōrat?
12. Quis in valētūdināriō labōrat?

____________

[1]

(a) āctrīx, bibliopōla, coquus, cūstōs, gladiātor, hortulānus, iūdex, magister, medicus, nauta, piscātor, sacerdōs

(b) amphitheātrum, basilica, carcer, culīna, forum piscātōrium, hortus, schola, taberna lībrāria, templum, theātrum, valētūdinārium, nāvis

[2]

[3]

1. Āctrīx in theātrō labōrat.
2. Bibliopōla in tabernā lībrāriā labōrat.
3. Coquus in culīnā labōrat.
4. Custōs in carcere labōrat.
5. Gladiātor in amphitheātrō labōrat.
6. Hortulānus in hortō labōrat.
7. Iūdex in basilicā labōrat.
8. Magister in scholā labōrat.
9. Medicus in valētūdināriō labōrat.
10. Nauta in nāve labōrat.
11. Piscātor in forō piscātōriō labōrat.
12. Sacerdōs in templō labōrat.

[4]

1. gladiātor
2. iūdex
3. cūstōs
4. coquus
5. piscātor
6. hortulānus
7. nauta
8. magister
9. bibliopōla
10. sacerdōs
11. āctrīx
12. medicus

03.08.26: Level 3+; Subjunctive [80] dependent uses [9] relative clauses of characteristic (2) practice

Complete the Latin sentences with the subjunctive verbs listed below.

[i] There are those who (would / could / may) say …

Sunt quī __________ …

[ii] Who is there who would believe this man?

Quis est quī huic __________?

[iii] Who is there who would not want to learn Latin?

Quis est quī linguam Latīnam discere __________?

[iv] You’re looking for a friend whom you can / could trust.

Amīcum petis cuī cōnfīdere __________.

[v] Aurelius is the kind of pupil who would want to annoy the teacher.

Aurēlius est discipulus quī magistrum vexāre __________.

[vi] The student who’s the sort of person who works hard can learn well.

Discipulus quī dīligenter __________ bene discere potest.

[vii] They say many things that I barely understand.

Multa dīcunt quae vix __________ (Cicero)

[viii] For there is noone now who would complain.

Nēmō est enim, idem quī __________ (Cicero)

[ix] There are those who pity Pompey.

Sunt quī Pompeium __________.

[x] There were some who pitied Helvidius.

Erant quī Helvidium __________ (Tacitus)

[xi] I see nothing which I might fear.

Nihil videō quod __________ (Cicero)

[xii] Who is there who would not be allowed [literally: to whom it would not be permitted] to want (it)?

Quis est, cui velle __________? (Cicero)

[xiii] There is no reason why you should dread my arrival.

Nihil est quod adventum nostrum __________ (Cicero)

[xiv] For you’re not the type of person who wouldn’t know.

Neque enim tū is es quī __________ (Cicero)

[xv] There is nothing that is not to be [should not be] feared.

Nihil est, quod nōn timendum __________ (Cicero)

crēdat; dīcant; extimēscās; intellegam; labōret; nōn liceat; miserārentur; miserentur; nesciās; nōlit; possīs; querātur; sit; timeam; velit

____________________

[i] dīcant

[ii] crēdat

[iii] nōlit

[iv] possīs

[v] velit

[vi] labōret

[vii] intellegam

[viii] querātur

[ix] miserentur

[x] miserārentur

[xi] timeam

[xii] nōn liceat

[xiii] extimēscās

[xiv] nesciās

[xv] sit

03.08.26: Level 3+; Subjunctive [79] dependent uses [9] relative clauses of characteristic (1)

[1] Until now you have seen relative clauses with quī, quae and quod used with indicative verbs. Below is a brief reminder with some examples of relative clauses together with links to earlier posts.

Magister puerum quī tē amat videt. │ The teacher sees the boy who loves you.

Poēta dē fēminā quae in Ītaliā vīvit scrībit. │ The poet writes about the woman who lives in Italy.

Poēta dē oppidō quod Aenēās amat scrībit. │ The poet writes about the town which Aeneas loves.

Magister puerum cuius canis vīvit videt. │ The teacher sees the boy whose dog is alive.

Magister puerum cui dōnum dēdī videt. │ The teacher sees the boy to whom I gave a gift.

Magister puerum quem amās videt. │ The teacher sees the boy whom you love.

Arbor, sub quō sedēbam, dēcidit. │ The tree, under which I was sitting, fell.

Poēta dē virīs quī in Ītaliā vīvunt scrībit. │ The poet writes about the men who live in Italy.

Poēta dē virīs quōrum domus in Ītaliā est scrībit. │ The poet writes about the men whose home is in Italy.

Poēta dē virīs quibus rēgīna dōna dat scrībit. │ The poet writes about the men to whom the queen gives gifts.

Poēta dē fēminīs quās nautae amant scrībit. │ The poet writes about the women whom the sailors love.

Dux lēgātōs quibuscum vēnimus laudat. │ The leader praises the envoys with whom we came.

[2] All of the relative clauses (also known as adjectival clauses) describe a noun that is in the main clause, known in grammar as the antecedent:

Poēta dē fēminā [antecedent] ¦ quae in Ītaliā vīvit ¦ scrībit. │ The poet writes about the woman ¦ who lives in Italy.

Below are revision links to the topic of relative clauses:

https://adckl.blogspot.com/search/label/relative%20clauses%3B%20qui%20quae%20quod

https://mega.nz/file/LBkiSJCD#fPqhOvYKHJSf620K-65RHMJqUHME6KVX1touaEv74m4

https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/5417328695489586949/3802792940545469119

[3]

[i] All of the relative clauses above refer to facts; that is, they describe something that is true about the antecedent, and the verb of the relative clause is in the indicative.

[ii] However, a relative clause does not always describe a particular individual. It may instead describe the type or sort of person or thing that the antecedent is.

English can do something similar:

[i] That’s the man ¦ who lives in our street.

• This is factual and refers to a specific person.

[ii] He’s the type / sort of man ¦ who never tells you the truth.

• This does not describe the man individually, but a characteristic he shares with others.

English can take this a step further:

He’s the type of man ¦ who would do something like that.

• Again, this does not describe the man individually, but a characteristic that he may share with others.

In Latin the subjunctive is used to convey [ii] i.e. relative clauses that do not describe fact, but a characteristic of the antecedent.

Quis est ¦ cui credāmus? │ Who is there ¦ whom we can trust?

The subjunctive idea of that sentence could equally be translated as:

Who is there whom we could / would / might trust?

[4] Compare [i] indicative and [ii] subjunctive use in the relative clauses.

[i] Vir est ¦ qui pecūniam meam semper rapit [indicative] │ He is the man ¦ who always steals my money [fact].

[ii] Vir est ¦ quī pecūniam meam rapiat [subjunctive] │ He is the kind of man ¦ who steals / would steal my money [characteristic].

[i] Vir est ¦ quī fēcit [indicative] │ He is the man ¦ who did / has done this [fact].

[ii] Vir est ¦ qui fēcerit [subjunctive] │ He is the sort of man ¦ who would have done this  [characteristic].

[5] Examples of relative clauses of characteristic:

Eī nōn sunt ¦ quī hoc faciant │ They are not the kind of people ¦ who would do this.

Nēmō est ¦ quī hostem petere possit. │ There is no one ¦ who can / could attack the enemy.

Mīles est ¦ quem mirēmur │ The soldier is the kind of man ¦ whom we would marvel at.

Is erat ¦ quī veritātem dīceret. │ He was the sort of person / man ¦ who would speak the truth.

[6] Phrases that act as signals for relative clauses may be followed by the indicative or subjunctive depending precisely on what is meant i.e. either fact or characteristic; English can render them differently:

[i] Est (is, ea) quī / quae │ (s)he is the one / the kind of person who … [the subject pronoun in Latin may be omitted]

Is est ¦ quī illam habet [indicative] (Plautus) │ He is the one ¦ who has her [fact].

Nōn is est ¦ quī rogāre nesciat [subjunctive] (Seneca the Elder) │ He is not the sort of man ¦ who would not know how to ask [characteristic].

Itaque etiam sī indifferēns mors est, nōn tamen ea est ¦ quae facile neglegī possit [subjunctive] (Seneca the Younger) │ And so, even if death is indifferent, it is nevertheless not such a thing ¦ that could easily be disregarded.

Similarly:

Ille est ¦ quī in lupānārī accubat [indicative] (Plautus) │ He’s / that’s the one ¦ who’s lying in the brothel (fact: he’s not ‘the kind of person’ who does it – he’s actually doing it!)

Quis autem hic est, quī ēmendet pūblicōs mōrēs? [subjunctive] (Pliny the Younger) │ Who is this person ¦ who would reform public morals?

[ii] Sunt (eī, eae) quī … │ There are those who …

Improbī sunt ¦ quī pecūniās contrā lēgēs cogunt [indicative] (Cicero) │ They are wicked men ¦ who collect money contrary to the laws.

At sunt ¦ quī vōs hortentur [subjunctive] (Caesar) │ Yet there are those ¦ who (would) encourage you

The clause of characteristic may not refer to any particular person or thing or they may suggest that what is being referred to does not exist:

[iii] Nihil est quod … │ There is nothing that …

• Nihil est ¦ quod timeās (Plautus) │ There is nothing ¦ that you should fear.

[iv] Nēmō est quī … │ There is nobody who …

• Nūlla est enim laus ibi esse integrum ubi ¦ nēmō est quī aut possit aut cōnētur corrumpere (Cicero)

For there is no praise in integrity where ¦ there is no man who either can or attempts to corrupt it.

English does not always reflect the subjunctive idea of the Latin original. That does not matter since the sense is clear. However, what the Latin literally conveys is that “there is no man who … could / may (might) be able … could / may (might) attempt …

[v] Quis est quī … ?│ Who is there who …?

• Quis est ¦ quī nōn intellegat …? (Cicero) │ Who is there ¦ who does not / would not understand?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_1qyqYD7yc

03.08.26: Level 3+; Comenius (1658) CXLIII; the besieging of a city [6] vocabulary and notes [v]

… vel ēiaculandō globōs tormentāriōs ē mortāriīs (ballistīs) in urbem per ballistāriōs, quī latitant post gerrās, vel subvertendō cūniculīs per fossōrēs.

[i] gerrae, -ārum [1/f]: twigs woven together; wattled twigs

[ii] also: crātis, -is [3/f]: wickerwork

The translator of Comenius’ work uses the noun “leaguer-baskets”, a now obsolete term and only recorded in the mid-1600s, leaguer meaning a siege. The term “beleagured” (surrounded by enemy troops or tormented by trouble or difficulty) still exists in Modern English. Images #1 and #2 show bundles of sticks woven together as a “basket” and filled with sand as a means of defence against missile attack. We still use sandbags.

A Roman army on the move isn’t building stone castles; fortifications need to be constructed quickly, and our interest here is the use of wicker or timber as a means of protection

asserēs enim pedum XII cuspidibus praefīxī atque hī maximīs ballistīs missī per quattuor ōrdinēs crātium in terram dēfīgēbantur (Caesar)

• For they had wooden bars, twelve feet in length, armed at the point with iron, which were shot with such force from their ballistae, that they pierced four rows of hurdles, and entered a considerable way into the ground.

asser, -is [3/m]: stake; beam; pole

cuspis, cuspidis [3/f]: tip / point of an object e.g. an arrow

Note: ‘hurdles’ referring here to wickerwork fortifications

Images #3 andd #4:

Dē Mīlitiā Rōmānā (Lipsius: 1596) shows wickerwork defences: [A] vīnea, -ae [1/f], providing overhead protection; [B] pluteus, -ī [2/m], providing frontal protection. Both are moveable, and both can be referred to as mantlets.

03.08.26: Level 3+; Comenius (1658) CXLIII; the besieging of a city [5] vocabulary and notes [iv]

funda, -ae [1/f]: sling

funditor, funditōris [3/m]: slinger

glāns, glandis [3/f]: [i] acorn; acorn-shaped nut e.g. chestnut [ii] (military) the lead sling-shot projectile (glāns plumbea) used by slingers. Its almond or acorn shape improved aerodynamics and penetration.

This example, discovered at Córdoba is exceptional. It bears:

[i] the name CAESAR

[ii] IPSCA, a fortified Iberian settlement.

Inscribed sling bullets often carried insults or taunts directed at the enemy. In this case, however, the inscription is interpreted as signalling the loyalty of Ipsca to Julius Caesar during the civil war against Pompey (mid-1st century BC).

02.08.26: Level 2 (review); Carolus et Maria [31] [2]

Part Two

Hoc cōnsilium erat grātum puerō. Posteā eōdem diē Cassius oppidō appropinquāvit. Deinde in aedificium magnum vēnit. Ibi virī et fēminae pictūrās spectāvērunt. Ante Cassium in pictūrīs erant mīlitēs quī multās rēs faciēbant. Imperātor, Iūlius appellātus, erat vir magnae virtūtis. Multōs mīlitēs dūcēbat. Ante imperātōrem erat legiō magna quae tria mīlia mīlitum habēbat. Mīlitēs arma et signum portābant et hostēs vincere parātī erant. Dux imperābat et legiō in duās partēs dīvīsa est. Alia ad dextram iter faciēbat, alia ad sinistram.

[1] What did the boy think of the advice? (1)

[2] What did Cassius do on the same day? (1)

[3] What did he see in the large building? (2)

[4]

What information is given about:

(a) Julius? (3)

(b) what the soldiers were doing? (4)

(c) number and division of the legions? (4)

____________________

[1] Pleased / it was pleasing to him (1)

[2] Approached the town (1)

[3] Men and women (1) looking at pictures (1)

[4]

(a) commander (1), man of great virtue (1), leading many soldiers (1)

(b) performing many tasks (1); carrying weapons (1); carrying the standard (1); ready to defeat the enemies (1)

(c) three thousand soldiers (1); divided into two parts (1); one part marching to the right (1), one part marching to the left (1)

01.08.26: Level 1 (review); vocabulary [2]: places

[1] Which of the following would you find ….

(a) in the countryside?

(b) in a town?

(c) in or near the sea?

ager

bālaena

cūria

fluvius

fundus

harēna

lītus

macellum

mōns

pharus

pistrīnum

scapha

silva

thermae

thermopōlium

[2] Label the images:

ager, -rī [2/m]

bālaena, -ae [1/f]

cūria, -ae [1/f]

fluvius, -ī [2/m]

fundus, -ī [2/m]

harēna, -ae [1/f]

lītus, lītoris [3/n]

macellum, -ī [2/n]

mōns, montis [3/m]

pharus, -ī [2 m/f]

pistrīnum, -ī [2/n]

scapha, -ae [1/f]

silva, -ae [1/f]

thermae, -ārum [1/f/pl]

thermopōlium, -ī [2/n]

____________________

[1]

(a) ager, fluvius, fundus, mōns, silva

(b) cūria, macellum, pistrīnum, thermopōlium, thermae

(c) bālaena, harēna, lītus, pharus, scapha

[2]

31.07.26; Level 3+; Subjunctive [78] dependent uses [8] concessive clauses (3) etsī, etiamsī, tametsī

Some brief notes (at this stage) on other conjunctions that introduce concessive clauses.

[1] etsī, etiamsī, tametsī

These conjunctions are concessive in meaning, but their choice of mood follows the same pattern as conditional clauses. Conditional clauses are an extensive topic and so, for the moment, the focus should simply be on what these three conjunctions mean and how mood affects their use.

[i] With the indicative

The indicative is used when the speaker presents the concessive clause as a fact, something accepted as true and asserts that it does not affect the action. It is most often translated as ‘although’ or 'even if':.

Etsī id ipsum scīre cupiō, … (Cicero)

• Although I want to know one thing …

Nam ista vēritās, etiamsī iūcunda nōn est, mihi tamen grāta est (Cicero)

• For that truth, even if it is not pleasant, is nevertheless pleasing to me.

Etsī abest mātūritās, tamen nōn est inūtile (Cicero)

• Though ripeness of age is wanting, yet it is not useless

Tametsī iactat ille quidem illud suum arbitrium … (Cicero)

• Although he does indeed boast of that judgment of his ...

Tametsī hīs novīs amīcitiīs implicātī sumus (Cicero)

• Although we are [ = I am] involved in these new friendships

quam tibi, etiamsī nōn dēsīderās, tamen mittam cito (Cicero)

• and I will send it to you very soon, whether you want it or not [literally: even if you do not want (it)].

Etsī mōns Cevennā iter impediēbat, tamen ad fīnēs Arvernōrum pervēnit (Caesar).

• Although the Cevennes were blocking the route of the march, nevertheless (Caesar) arrived at the frontier of the Arverni.

Itaque, etsī nē anteā quidem dubitāvī, … (Cicero)

• And so, even if I had no doubt [ = did not even doubt] before …

Etsī numquam dubium fuit, tamen perspiciō … (Cicero)

• Although it has never been doubtful, I nevertheless perceive …

Etsī nōndum stipulātiōnēs lēgeram ... (Cicero)

• Even if I had not yet read the agreements …

Etsī incrēdibilī et singulārī calamitāte adflīctus sum, … (Cicero)

• Though I have been crushed by an incredible and unparalleled misfortune …

[2] With the subjunctive

The subjunctive is used when the speaker introduces a hypothetical or imagined concession and asserts that it does not affect the outcome expressed in the main clause. It is most often translated as ‘even if’.

Etiamsī nōn adiuvēs, haec facere possim.

• Even if you were not to help, I would (nevertheless) be able to do this.

This is a hypothetical concessive statement.

Quārē ita parātus est, ut, etiamsī vincere nōn possit, ... (Cicero)

• And therefore he is so equipped that, even if he should not be able to win …

Pol etsī taceās, palam id quidem est (Plautus)

• By Pollux, even if you were to keep silent, that is indeed common knowledge.

Etsī illī improbī sint atque aliter nōbīs faciant quam aequomst (Plautus)

• Even if those men are / should be dishonest and (would) act toward us otherwise than is fair, …

...etiamsī vērum esset... (Cicero)

• Even if it were true…

etiamsī ā lībrāriō admonitus esset (Cicero)

• even if he had been advised by the clerk

[3] Note: Latin often uses different verb forms to show how the speaker views a situation (as a fact or as something uncertain or imagined). As has been mentioned many times in previous discussions on the subjunctive, English does not always show this clearly, and the difference often has to be understood from the wording rather than from the verb alone.

In the examples above, however, you can see a subtle difference which is similarly expressed in English:

[i] Although you’re going / even if you go, you won’t meet him.

Here the speaker presents the action of going as fact or more likely.

[ii] Even if you went / were to go, you wouldn’t meet him.

Here the speaker presents the action of going as hypothetical or less likely.

It is worth bearing that distinction in mind when the topic of conditional clauses in Latin is dealt with in depth.