15.05.24: review; eō, īre: go [1]

This verb has been discussed a lot in previous posts and it is one that you need to know well.

https://adckl.blogspot.com/2024/04/160324-eo-ire-irregular-go-compounds-of.html

The verb is classified as irregular, but it shares certain features of 4th conjugation verbs. Below is the 4th conjugation verb audiō, audīre alongside eō, īre and you can see how close the endings match. In the present tense, most of eō, īre simply looks like the endings of the 4th conjugation

audīre [4]: to hear │ īre: to go

audiō: I hear │ eō: I go

audīs: you (sg.) hear │īs: you (sg.) go

audit: (s)he / it hears │it: (s)he / it goes

audīmus: we hear │īmus: we go

audītis: you (pl.) hear │ ītis: you (pl.) go

audiunt: they hear │ eunt: they go

• Nōs ad lūdum īmus. │We go / we’re going to school.
• Omnēs ad Mārcum eunt. │ Everyone (all people i.e. plural) goes to(wards) Marcus.

Imperative / command forms:

audī! (sg.): listen! │ī! (a one letter command): go!

audīte! (pl.): listen! │īte!: go!

And all the fans of Python’s ‘Life of Brian’ know it.

Rōmānī, īte domum! │ Romans, go home!

Image #1: review of eō, īre in the present tense

Image #2: can you match them up?

Image #3: If you want to tell the Romans to go home, this is how you do it!

14.05.24: Review; future tense [10] final: Cavē canēs!

One of the most well-known images from Pompeii is CAVE CANEM (cavē canem): beware of the dog, but, in this brief note, I’ll change it to plural!

Cavē canēs: beware of the dogs!

Three sentences from three previous posts on the topic of the future tense:

[1] "Sī Rōmānī cum Sabīnīs pugnābunt [future], │ Rōmānī Sabīnōs, Sabīnī Rōmānōs necābunt.

If the Romans fight [present tense] with the Sabines, │ the Romans will kill [future tense] the Sabines and the Sabines (will kill) the Romans.

[2] Ubi hī puerī adolēscentēs erunt [future tense], │ tum vērō Amūlius fātum suum sentiet [future tense].

When these boys are [present tense] young men, │ then indeed Amulius will feel [future tense] his fate.

[3] Cum redībit [future] magister │ mē nōn inveniet! [future]

When the teacher returns [present], │ he will not find [future] me.

I use a lot of excerpts from schoolbooks – all of the texts that have reviewed the future have come from mainly Julia – a Latin reader, and Initium. These, and others, were written in more ‘modern’ times i.e. post-Victorian where concepts began to be introduced more gradually.

The brief notes given on those three words – sī, ubi, cum – are only small pieces of the jigsaw. In previous posts on different topics, I’ve sometimes said, for example, ‘don’t go there’ or ‘avoid side roads’ or ‘more on that later’. And that’s based on my own experience.

Those three words and a few others can do far more than what the three sentences might suggest. They can take different verb forms and may have different meanings in context.

Personal opinion: we live in an internet world where we want the “answer” now; if we can’t book a flight on Expedia within thirty seconds we’re jumping up and down with frustration.

One of the lessons I learned when studying this language is patience.

14.05.24: review; future tense [9]; the future tense of 3rd, 3-iō and 4th conjugation verbs; working with both types of future tense verb

This next longer text again shows you again the two types of the future tense working together.

From Initium; translation in the comments

Publius is in trouble, and this little dialogue is set in Ancient Rome where badly behaved schoolkids were not dealt with so kindly as they are now!

dō, dare [1]: give

interpellō, interpellāre [1]: interrupt

stō, stāre [1]: stand

doleō, dolēre [2]: hurt; suffer (pain)

__________

effugiō, effugere [3-iō]: flee; escape

cōnsīdō, cōnsidere [3]: sit down

parcō, parcere [3]: spare; have mercy for; be lenient to somebody;

the verb is followed by the dative case

pergō, pergere [3]: continue

quaerō, quaerere [3]: seek; look out for

veniō, venīre [4]: come

inveniō, invenīre [4]: find

__________

redeō, redīre: return

sum, esse: be

pos│sum, posse: be able; it has the same endings as sum, esse in all the tenses covered so far e.g. erō: I shall be > pot│erō: I shall be able; all three tenses of both verbs are reviewed below

____________________

Pūblius: Ō magister, parce mihi! Sedēre nōn iterum poterō. Parce!

Magister: Parcam tibi, sī nōn iterum interpellābis.

Pūblius: Grātiās! Nōn iterum interpellābō.

Magister: Sinite cōnsīdere.

Pūblius: (summissā vōce) Nōn cōnsīdam, sed stābō.

Magister: Nunc pergēmus. Post duodecimam hōram erit prīma hōra noctis, nam post diem veniet nox...

Pūblius: (susurrāns) Cum adultus erō, ut magistrō colaphōs dabō!

Magister: Iterumne, furcifer? Vae tergō tuō, mox ut numquam anteā dolēbit. Sed novās et validiōrēs virgās quaeram. (exit)

Pūblius: Ego effugiam. Cum* redībit magister mē nōn inveniet! (per fenestram effugit)

___________________

[A] Vocabulary and notes:

colaphus, -ī [2/m]: a blow with the fist

furcifer, -ī [2/m]: rascal, rogue, scoundrel

susurrō, susurrāre [1]: whisper

virga, -ae [1/f]: stick

*The word cum in Latin has two entirely separate functions and meanings:

[i] cum; preposition with the ablative case: (together) with

[ii] cum; conjunction; [i] when [ii] since (i.e. because) [iii] although

Dealing with [ii] is another example of a feature of Latin that takes time. How it is used, and what it precisely means, affects the verbs in different ways. This is an example, but, as has been said before, it’s certainly not the whole story.

Cum redībit [future] magister mē nōn inveniet! [future] │ When the teacher returns [present], he will not find [future] me.

Cum adultus erō [future], ut magistrō colaphōs dabō! │ When I am [present] an adult, how I will give [future] the teacher a punch (actually, colaphōs is plural, and so he’ll give him several punches!)

Notice that the Latin sentence uses the future in both in the same way that ubi functions in the text in the previous post.

Nōn dubitābō dare operam ut tē videam, cum id satis commodē facere poterō. (Cicero) │ I shall not hesitate to take pains to see you, when I can [will be able to] do it conveniently.

[B] Find the Latin

1. (it) will be

2. He won’t find me

3. I shall forgive you

4. I shall look for

5. I shall not be able to sit

6. I will be

7. I will give

8. I won’t interrupt again

9. I won’t sit down

10. I’ll escape

11. I’ll stand

12. If you don’t interrupt

13. It will suffer

14. The night will come

15. The teacher will return

16. We will continue

____________________

Publius: O, teacher, spare me! I won’t be able to sit again. Spare me.

Teacher: I will spare you, if you don’t interrupt again.

Publius: Thank you! I will not interrupt again.

Teacher: Release him, Marcus and Sextus. Let him sit down.

Publius: (in a low voice) I won’t sit, but I’ll stand.

Teacher: Now we will continue. After the twelfth hour it will be the first hour of the night, for after the day, the night will come…

Publius: (whispering) When I'm grown up, I'll give the master a punch or two!

Teacher: You again scoundrel? Woe to your rear, it will soon hurt like never before. But I will seek new and stronger rods. (goes out)

Publius: I will escape. When the teacher returns, he will not find me! (he escapes through the window)

 

14.05.24: review; future tense [8]; the future tense of 3rd, 3-iō and 4th conjugation verbs; tense usage

From Julia – a Latin reader; translation in the comments

vītō, vītāre [1]: avoid

sentiō, sentīre [4]: feel

sum, esse [irregular]: be

____________________

"Nōn ita," inquit, "rēx scelerātus fātum vītābit. Ego Rhēae Silviae marītus erō; mox puellae īnfantēs erunt, fīliī meī; ubi* hī puerī adulēscentēs erunt, tum vērō Amūlius fātum suum sentiet."

____________________

[A] Vocabulary and notes

adulēscēns, adulēscentis [3/m or f]: youth; young man / woman

fātum, -ī [2/n]: fate

scelerātus, -a, -um: wicked; criminal

*Ubi hī puerī adolēscentēs erunt [future tense], │ tum vērō Amūlius fātum suum sentiet [future tense].

When these boys are [present tense] young men, │ then indeed Amulius will feel [future tense] his fate.

When I learned French at school, this construction was called the ‘logical future’ i.e. When he arrives … [present tense] but, in French, Quand il arrivera … [future] i.e. When he will arrive, defined as ‘logical’ because it’s referring to something that will happen.

The Latin sentence in the extract does the same.

Ōtium ubi erit, tum tibi operam lūdō et dēliciae dabō (Plautus) │ When I have [there will be] leisure, then I'll be giving my attention to toying and dalliance to please you

[B] Find the Latin

1. Amulius will feel

2. I will be the husband

3. The king will not avoid

4. These boys will be

____________________

 "The wicked king, he said, will not avoid (his) fate in that way. I will be the husband of Rhea Silvia; soon they will be the girl’s children; when the boys are young men, then Amulius will truly feel his fate."

13.05.24: review; future tense [7]; the future tense of 3rd, 3-iō and 4th conjugation verbs; working with different types of future tense

From Julia – a Latin reader; translations in the comments

"Perfidus est Paris; perfidum est tōtum Troiānōrum genus, sed perfidiae stultitiaeque poenās dabunt. Tōtum exercitum meum ad ōram maritimam convocābō; equitēs peditēsque in nāvēs impōnēmus, et terrā marīque Troiam oppugnābimus. Ita urbem scelerātam excidēmus et genus perfidum ad Īnferōs mittēmus. Praedam quoque multam nōs domum reportābimus. Tū quoque Helenam tēcum domum ad rēgiam tuam redūcēs."

1st conjugation verbs

convocō, convocāre [1]: call together; summon

dō, dare [1]: give; poenās dō, dare: pay the penalty

oppugnō, oppugnāre [1]: attack

reportō, reportāre [1]: bring / carry back (e.g. victory, rewards)

3rd conjugation verbs

excīdō, excīdere [3]: destroy; lay waste; demolish

impōnō, impōnere [3]: place on

mittō, mittere [3]: send

redūcō, redūcō [3]: bring back (e.g. a person)

Find the Latin:

I shall summon

They will pay (give) the penalty

We will attack

We will bring back (plunder; spoils of war)

We will destroy

We will place … upon

We will send

You will bring back (Helen)

____________________

“Paris is treacherous; the whole race of Trojans is treacherous, but they will pay the price of their treachery and stupidity. I will summon all my army to the coast; we will put cavalry and infantry into ships, and we will attack Troy by land and sea. So we will destroy the wicked city and (we will) send the treacherous race to hell. We shall also bring home much booty. You, too, will bring back Helen home with you to your palace.”

13.05.24: review; future tense [6]; the future tense of 3rd, 3-iō and 4th conjugation verbs; examples in context

From Julia – a Latin reader; translations in the comments

[1] “Vōs autem meliōrēs fortiōrēsque estis hostibus; sī igitur bellum summīs vīribus gerētis, et virōs vōs praebēbitis, mox vōs victōrēs eritis et vestrās condiciōnēs hostibus ferētis. Ego Carthāginem nāvigābō nec fidem violābō.”

condiciō, condiciōnis [3/f]: term; condition; demand; usually plural: condiciōnēs

ferō, ferre [irregular]: bear; carry

gerō, gerere [3]: various meanings but with bellum, it means ‘wage’ (war).

Note: Two words in this extract can be easily misread which is why the author has put them both in the same sentence:

[i] vīs, vīs [3/f]: force; strength; power; often in the plural: vīrēs referring to physical strength

[ii] vir, -ī [2/m]: man; in the plural can also refer to ‘foot soldiers’

[i] summīs vīribus: with the greatest strength

[ii] virōs vōs praebēbitis: you will provide men (manpower; foot soldiers)

[2] “…et līber in līberā urbe tuā habitābis. Sed sī Rōmānī nōn ad pācem amīcitiamque adductī erunt, sed malās condiciōnēs ferent, et Poenōs odiō īrāque petent, tū nōn in urbe tuā manēbis, sed Carthāginem iterum veniēs, et vinculīs mortīque crūdēlī tē trādēs."

addūcō, addūcere [3]: lead, but has a second meaning of ‘persuading’ or leading somebody to a particular idea e.g. ‘peace and friendship’ from the text.

odium, -ī [2/n]: hatred

petō, petere [3]: (here) attack

trādō, trādere [3]: hand over; surrender

veniō, venīre [4]: come

[3] “Hodiē beātus sum, sed nōn semper fortasse rēs bene geram. Et ego fortasse veniam ā Dīs Immortālibus ōlīm petam. Captīvum igitur vinculīs flammīsque līberābō."

beātus, -a, -um: happy; blessed

petō, petere [3]: (here) beg; look for

venia, -ae [1/f]: forgiveness

vinculum, -ī [2/n]: chain

Note:

Here are examples of the two types of future being used in the same paragraphs:

līberō, līberāre [1]: free

nāvigō, nāvigāre [1]: sail

violō, violāre [1]: violate

maneō, manēre [2]: remain

prabeō, praebēre [2]: offer; provide

sum, esse [irr.]: be

[1] … virōs vōs praebēbitis, mox vōs victōrēs eritis et vestrās condiciōnēs hostibus ferētis. Ego Carthāginem nāvigābō nec fidem violābō. │… you will provide men, you will soon be victorious and you will take the demands to the enemy. I shall sail to Carthage, and I shall not break my word.

[2] Tū nōn in urbe tuā manēbis, sed Carthāginem iterum veniēs │ You will not remain in your city, but you will come again to Carthage

[3] Et ego veniam ā Dīs Immortālibus ōlīm petam. Captīvum igitur vinculīs flammīsque līberābō." │ And perhaps I will seek forgiveness from the Immortal Gods at that time. Therefore, I will release the captive from chains and flames.

____________________

[1] “But you are better and stronger than your enemies; If, therefore, you (will) wage war with the greatest strength, and (will) provide men, you will soon be victorious and (will) bring your conditions to the enemy. I shall sail to Carthage, and I shall not break my word.”

[2] "…and you will live free in your free city. But if the Romans are not moved / persuaded (will not be moved) to peace and friendship, but (will) bring bad conditions, and will attack the Carthaginians with hatred and anger, you will not remain in your city, but you will come again to Carthage, and you will hand yourself over to chains and cruel death."

[3] “Today I am happy, but I will not always manage things well. And perhaps I will seek forgiveness from the Immortal Gods at that time. I will therefore release the captive from chains and flames.”

 

12.05.24: short revision of 1st and 2nd declension adjectives

 

12.05.24: review; future tense [5]; the future tense of 3rd, 3-iō and 4th conjugation verbs

Match the English verbs with the verbs in the word cloud (it isn’t colour coded)

1. he will feel

2. I shall do

3. they will feel

4. they will say

5. he will sleep

6. you (sg.) will run

7. we will sleep

8. you (pl.) will do

9. I shall say

10. you (pl.) will take

11. we will run

12. you (sg.) will take

12.05.24: review; future tense [4]; the future tense of 3rd, 3-iō and 4th conjugation verbs

The future tense of 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs are easy to spot because they have distinctive markers i.e. -bō / -bi- / -bu-

Images #1 – 3 show you the endings for the 3rd, 3-iō and 4th conjugation

mittō, mitt│ere [3]: send

remove -ere

> mitt-

> add the endings:

mittam: I shall send

mittēs: you (sg.) will send

mittet: he / she / it will send

mittēmus: we will send

mittētis: you (pl.) will send

mittent: they will send

[ii] In the 4th conjugation -re is removed from the infinitive, but the long /ī/ is shortened > /ĭ/:

audī│re: hear

> audī- > audĭ¦-

Then add the same endings:

audiam, audiēs, audiet, audiēmus, audiētis, audient

[iii] 3rd-iō verbs endings are exactly the same as the 4th conjugation:

capiō, capere [3-iō]: take

Remove the infinitive ending in its entirety:

cap¦- > add short /ĭ/: capi-

Then add the endings:

capiam, capiēs, capiet, capiēmus, capiētis, capient

Match the Latin and English verbs:

1. legam

2. fugiēs

3. audiet

4. legēmus

5. scrībētis

6. venient

7. fugiam

8. mittēs

9. audient

10. veniēmus

11. iaciētis

12. iacient

I shall flee; I shall read; she will hear; they will come; they will hear; they will throw; we will come; we will read; you (pl.) will throw; you (sg.) will flee; you (sg.) will write; you (pl.) will write

11.05.24: Iōsēphus et Titus servī sunt; notes on the video [2]

[5] conjunctions i.e. words that join two parts of a sentence

[i] sed: but

[ii] neque: and .. not …

Neque tua est familia!│And it’s not (even) your family!

[iii] Two ways of saying ‘and’:

[a] et: and

[b] -que which is added to the end of the word

Centum servī ancillaeque │ a hundred slaves and maidservants

Decem servī decemque ancillae │ ten slaves and ten maidservants

[6] Asking questions

[i] -ne: can be attached to the first word of a sentence to form a question

Estne magna familia Iuliī? │ Is Julius’ family large?

[ii] question words (in grammar known as interrogatives)

quis?: Who?

quot?: How many?

[iii] Num cēterī servī Cornēliī tuī servī sunt?

In the subtitles, they translate it as: “So, are the rest of Cornelius’ slaves your slaves as well?” That’s a very neat translation but we need to take it apart a bit:

Two words: [a] nōnne and [b] num; both can be used to ask a question and, in English, the best way to remember these two is with 2 possible translations of each

[a] nōnne expects a ‘yes’ answer

Nōnne intellegis? │ [i] Surely you understand? [ii] You understand, don’t you?

[b] num expects a ‘no’ answer

Num Gallia īnsula est? │ [i] Surely Gaul isn’t an island? [ii] Gaul isn’t an island, is it?

So, by rephrasing the subtitle, you can see how that word num is working:

Num cēterī servī Cornēliī tuī servī sunt?

[i] Surely the rest of Cornelius’ slaves aren’t your slaves?

[ii] The rest of Cornelius’ slaves aren’t your slaves, are they?

Of course, they’re not his slaves i.e. he expects a ‘no’ answer.

 

11.05.24: Iōsēphus et Titus servī sunt; notes on the video [1]

This video shows some of the absolute basics of the language that were covered a long time back in the group; as always, you can scroll back or go to the other site. The video itself also has explanations at the end.

In a dialogue that lasts just under two minutes, there is a lot of very useful information and so, I’ll summarise the key points to take from it in two posts:

[1] Nouns of the 1st and 2nd declension

ancilla, -ae [1/f]: maidservant

domina, -ae [1/f]: mistress

familia, -ae [1/f]: family

fīlia, -ae [1/f]: daughter

__________

dominus, -ī [2/m] master

fīlius, -ī [2/m]: son

numerus, -ī [2/m]: number

servus, -ī [2/m]: slave

līberī, -ōrum [2/m/pl]: children

[2] Verb

sum, esse: be

[3] 1st / 2nd declension adjectives and possessive adjectives:

cēterus, -a, -um: the rest

magnus, -a, -um: large; great

parvus, -a, -um: small

multus, -a, -um: much (pl. many)

paucus, -a, -um: few

meus, mea, meum: my

tuus, tua, tuum: your

[4] Case usage

[i] Nominative

Dominus meus est Iūlius. │ Julius is my master.

Aaemīlia domina mea est. │Aemilia is my mistress.

Vīgintī nōn est parvus numerus. │ Twenty isn’t a small number.

And the two speakers deliberately express them in different ways to show the flexibility of the word order.

singular > plural

servus

> multī servī │ many slaves

> cēterī servī │the other slaves

> quot servī? │how many slaves?

ūnus fīlius > duo fīliī: two sons

paucī līberī: few children

ancilla > decem ancillae: ten maidservants

Quot servī et quot ancillae* …? │ How many slaves and how many maidservants …?

decem servī decemque ancillae* │ten slaves and ten maidservants

*They make a small pronunciation error here:

Latin, like English, has stressed syllables e.g. háppy, ínteresting, impórtant, begín; the last one – be-GIN has a stress on the final syllable. In Latin, however, a word is not stressed on the final syllable e.g.

valē /ˈu̯a.leː/

servus /ˈser.u̯us/

ancillae /anˈkil.lae̯/

quoque /ˈkʷo.kʷe/

duo /ˈdu.o/

[ii] Genitive

Iūlius > familia ¦ Iūliī [literally: the family ¦ of Julius]: Julius’ family

dominus meus > familia ¦ dominī meī [literally: the family ¦ of my master]: my master’s family

līberī > numerus ¦ līberōrum │ the number ¦ of children

servus > numerus ¦ servōrum │ the number ¦ of slaves

[iii] Ablative

familia tua > Quot servī sunt ¦ in familiā tuā? │ How many slaves are ¦ in your family?

And here are both cases working together in two of the questions.

Quot sunt līberī ¦ in familiā ¦ Cornēliī? │ How many children are ¦ in the family ¦ of Cornelius?

Quot servī et quot ancillae sunt ¦ in familiā ¦ dominī tuī? │ How many slaves and how many maidservants are ¦ in the family ¦ of your master?

[iii] Vocative: his name is Titus but when Iosephus addresses him directly -us > -e

Valē, Tite │ Goodbye, Titus.